Alaskan Direct‐Market Consumers: Perception of Organic Produce

Hybrid forms of governance receive special attention in literature on regulatory reforms. It is often assumed that a combination of public and private sector involvement in a regulatory regime is superior to "pure public" or "pure private" regimes. By paying close attention to such hybrids, this article finds that hybrids have two key dimensions: first, the "amount" of public and private sector involvement in a hybrid, and second, the relationship between these sectors. Contrary to the former dimension, the latter hardly receives any attention in scholarship. This article addresses that knowledge gap. It introduces a typology of hybrids based on these two dimensions. A brief case study is introduced to discuss the value of the focus on relationships between public and private sector service providers.

Public sector seed programs in most sub-Saharan African countries targeted the dissemination of quality seed of improved varieties in the 1970 and '80s, assuming that the informal seed system would disappear. The orientation in 1990s shifted toward withdrawal of the public sector, promoting privatization and liberalization of the seed market. The informal seed system remained dominant. Integrated seed sector development aims to better link informal and formal seed systems, and balance public and private sector involvement. It explores variation among seed value chains, with the aim of making seed programs and policies more coherent with farmers' practices and more effective at reaching food security.

The optimization of property relations is a crucial factor in promoting economic growth and advancing tourism development. This study explores the impact of different property ownership structures on key economic indicators, focusing on the relationship between public sector ownership, GDP per capita, and the Travel & Tourism Development Index. Data from OECD countries, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the Statistical Agency of Uzbekistan is evaluated using a mix of theoretical analysis, empirical research and statistical modeling. Regression models, including log -log and semi-log approaches, are applied to measure the elasticity coefficients between variables. The results show a negative correlation between public sector ownership and both GDP per capita and tourism development, suggesting that excessive government control over property relations leads to economic inefficiencies. Additionally, the study reveals that a high share of public sector employment limits tourism growth and slows overall economic expansion, whereas private investment, foreign trade, and government efficiency play a significant role in ensuring economic stability. The research critically evaluates Karl Marx’s idea of abolishing private property, demonstrating that in practice, such an approach has historically resulted in economic stagnation rather than progress. The study underlines the need for a well-balanced property ownership structure and supports the best mix of public and private sector involvement. Securing property rights, encouraging private sector involvement, and enacting investment-friendly policies will help nations improve their tourism industry and increase long-term economic resilience. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on economic governance, illustrating how efficient property management can serve as a driver for economic and tourism sector growth. The study provides practical insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for well-structured property relations to ensure economic stability, improve competitiveness, and create a sustainable environment for tourism development.

This article examines the political processes surrounding public sector accounting standard setting, in particular, the Australian decision to adopt sector‐neutral International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It contends that the history of private and public sector involvement in the accounting standard setting process to date, and recourse to regulatory theory, assist in understanding these contemporary developments. The article reveals that private sector interests have dominated accounting standard setters at all important stages of standard setting in Australia. It concludes by arguing that, given this continued neglect by standard setters, if public sector financial reporting standards are to remain relevant to the public sector, then it may be necessary for public sector regulators to set their own standards.

ABSTRACTIn the US and Germany, various public funding tools are available to make brownfield redevelopment projects financially feasible. The practices of private or public sector involvement differ from an international perspective. The following discussion will explore funding practices in the US and Germany. In Germany, there is a long tradition of public sector involvement while the US is predominately driven by private sector funding. A comparison will help identify long-standing practices in Germany and how they might be adapted to the US context. In a manner similar to the previous chapter on policies and programs, findings in this chapter are discussed at federal US, state of Michigan and local municipal levels, and European Union, Germany, and local-level funding.

Many families employ private tutors to help children with their schoolwork, thus participating in a 'shadow education' system that supplements normal schooling. International surveys show that there is wide variation in the extent of tutoring in different countries. This paper considers reasons for this variation and evaluates evidence on the prevalence and effectiveness of private tutoring. The effectiveness of tutoring is mixed, with some well-designed programmes achieving large gains in attainment, whereas surveys show little impact. Some of these discrepancies arise from weak conceptualisation and methodological issues. It is argued that quality indicators should be added to analyses of survey data to provide more reliable estimates. Evidence from research on extra-curricular activities is used to explore the 'penumbra' between public and private sector involvement. Systematic monitoring of the shadow system is recommended. Policies should be developed, as it is likely that the prevalence of private tutoring will increase.

Nuclear energy is probably the most controversial source of energy praised by some and demonised by others. Although several countries acknowledge the benefits of nuclear power and continue to support its use, there are some nations such as Australia that reject nuclear energy. The implementation of the nuclear moratorium by the Australian federal government in 1998, coupled with the shared net zero ambition of the country, has the potential to reinvigorate a crucial debate on nuclear power. Revaluating the nuclear moratorium could foster public debate and private sector involvement, potentially enabling financially viable, safe, and environmentally sustainable nuclear power in the future.

Coding of of legal rules is the process of converting a legal norm into one of the programming languages. A legal rule that exists in both text and computer code/program form is labeled as the "Law as Code" (LAC). The optimal goal of the LAC methodology is to enable the meaning of the norm in written form to be preserved in its version in programming code. The scope and importance of the LAC have been recognized in the EU Law: there are also general documents adopted by individual states as a guide for its application. The success of the above-mentioned process is monitored in three ways: through the introduction of "controllers", the implementation of testing and the application of the regulatory sandbox methodology. The implementation of the LAC methodology requires a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach (public and private sector involvement: such an approach is necessary considering the dynamics and constant changes in the development of technology that accompanies the described process. The role of legal expertise in this case is parallel to that of technological experts: these roles are not exclusive, but should have a synergistic effect.

“Medical Tourism” is a growing industry, attracting more and more attention. Taiwan's government, hopeful that this new industry could generate considerable revenue, has declared its ambition to become the premier choice for cross-country medical care for international visitors. The policy network approach emphasizes the interaction between policy actors. This chapter examines Taiwan's medical tourism development from the model of public policy implementation. We present findings from twelve semi-structured interviews with stakeholders across medical service providers, as well as government officers, and civil society sectors. We found that medical tourism in Taiwan is a growing service, with both public and private sector involvement. However, it is still lagging behind regional competitors such as Singapore, Thailand, and India. Thus, active efforts should be made to encourage the coordination between the medical care sector, tourism industry, and relevant authorities.

This article reviews the international experience with approaches to encouraging private investment in agricultural research and technology for a greater impact on poverty reduction. Some specific types of technologies and the roles for public and private sector involvement in generating new technology are identified, as well as the potential for public-private partnerships. Three most promising mechanisms for stimulating private investment in agricultural research are then revised in some detail: taxation schemes, co-funding arrangements, and output-based approaches. The article concludes that in order to help create a significant impact on poverty reduction, the innovative incentive system of tying rewards to adoption of technology development is the most likely to succeed.

The study was carried out to find the factors affecting commercialization of vegetable that produced from the home garden and its average level of commercialization. A structured questionnaire and field observation techniques were used to collect data from 232 randomly selected home gardeners in the South East part of Sri Lanka. The Tobit regression model was applied to study the significant factors that influenced home garden vegetables' commercialisation. The present study found that the average home garden vegetable commercialization level was 32.3 per cent. Further, the commercialization significantly (p<0.05) had a negative impact on the farmer’s level of education, family income, size of the family, health consciousness of home gardener, and losses by the pest and disease whereas the marital status, the number of family labours involved in home gardening and institutional supports significantly increase the commercialization. The research recommends that public and private sector involvement is needed to support through the training program and advisory services to control pest and disease attack. Further, the study area needs to be appreciated and promoted via appropriate policy intervention strategies to develop a good structure value chain and market.

Chapter 10 - The Punctuated Transformation of Public and Private Sector Involvement in (Transport) Innovation

This chapter is concerned with the provision of water services — drinking water and sanitation — the latter of which may or may not involve waterborne disposal through a sewerage system. It examines the different ownership models operating in England and Scotland, along with structures for their regulation and control. It also draws on examples from other jurisdictions, particularly South Africa and Australia. In both South Africa and Australia there is a mixture of public and private sector involvement; in both there is provision by local government, with consequences for ring-fenced funding, economic audit and business planning; in both there is already disaggregation of bulk and individual supply, and moves to commercialize or corporatize public supply. The chapter assesses the role of regulation and of governance, as well as structures of ownership, and draws conclusions as to the importance of ownership of this industry, compared to the role of effective regulation and good governance.

The private sector in South Africa has become increasingly involved in the public policy process, albeit reluctantly. Both the level of managerial expertise in this field and the academic understanding of this process are extremely limited. We carried out an empirical study on fifty business leaders in South Africa in order to develop a systematic understanding of the business community's involvement in public policy. In the first study of its kind, statistical analyses were carried out on both the private sector's public policy issue prioritization and strategy selection and usage patterns. The prioritization of selected strategies revealed that the business community had adopted a set of 'insider' strategies in order to influence the public policy process, reflecting a 'toenadering' in the relationship between the business community and government. The diversity within the private sector, of both the process and content of public policy involvement, is empirically documented via the use of correspondence analysis, resulting in the inherent structure of the private sector's public policy involvement being well represented in two dimensional space. The major differentiating factors being the choice between confrontational or 'insider' strategies and the choice between economic or socio-political issues. From this basis, a strategic management approach towards socio-political involvement for the business community is developed. This is based on the use of a matrix incorporating factors such as change processes, power bases, issue life cycles and resources within business organizations; leading to the selection of appropriate strategies in order to influence change in public policy. It is hoped that this article will assist South African management in the optimal allocation of resources to socio-political activities.

Preventive Strategy Against Infectious Diarrhea—A Holistic Approach