Aiding (opponent) flow of hybrid copper–aluminum oxide nanofluid towards an exponentially extending (lessening) sheet with thermal radiation and heat source (sink) impact

Abstract

This project considers a hybrid nanofluid flow of heat transmission towards an extending (lessening) surface with the effects of thermal radiation and non-uniform heat source/sink. The mixture nanofluid involves copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) nano-molecules which are diluted into H2O to form Cu–Al2O3/H2O hybrid nanofluid. The governing partial differential equations derived from Navier-Stokes equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations. The model of nonlinear coupled equations is then resolved numerically by applying the boundary-value problem solver (bvp4c) using MATLAB package. The numerical computations have been performed for different amounts of potential factors like nano-molecules size Al2O3(φ1) and Cu (φ2), Prandtl number (Pr⁡), radiative parameter (R), velocity ratio parameter ε, and assisting/opposing parameter (λ) on the fluid flow. The effect of the parameters on speed and energy outlines, drag force coefficient, and local Nusselt number at the wall of the nanofluid flowing and heat transmission features are presented graphically and evaluated. Radiation and heat generation parameters have a significant effect on flow profiles and their physical properties. We also observe that the heat boundary-layer thickener boosts with rising amounts of R and heat raises with big amounts of the heat source (sink). Cu–Al2O3/water has a higher heat transmission rate in comparison with Cu-water water nanofluid and water (base fluid). Comparison between the earlier available works and the current computational consequence for the restrictive status is in an adequate covenant.