AI gossip

A lot of research on the problem of discourse has been carried out all over the world and is still going on. Although in the works of scholars on historical discourse talk about historical facts, historical events, historical records, historical narratives, historical figures, the influence of historical plots in a literary text in the literary mind of readers has not been experimentally studied. Also in this article, based on the historical story of Duman Ramazan’s The Day of Death, questions necessary for the study are formulated, the level of perception of historical postcolonial events and historical figures by the reader are considered. 18 students of the Buketov University aged 18-19 years voluntarily took part in our experiment. The study classified two categories (historical event and historical figure) based on qualitative content analysis of Mayring. The participants answered questions on the historical story of Duman Ramazan’s The Day of Death in the Google Forms. The questions were devoted to historical figures and historical events. The results of the study indicate that the historical consciousness of the reader in the postcolonial period has not yet been fully formed, the low level of historical documentary perception in the literary text. In conclusion, the main reasons for it are the continuous upbringing of several generations in a colonial country; the mass persecution and execution of the national intellectuals; the impact of the economic crisis after independence on the education sector (one-sidedness in school textbooks and programs).

Summary. The article explores the problems of describing artistic reality with historical reality in Russian historical novels of the 1930‒50s. One of the main reasons for this was the approach to events schematically, from an ideological point of view. It is shown that in some historical novels of this period this principle was observed; but in many works distortions of historical events and personalities took place. The historical novels «Egyptian», «Stars over Samarkand», «Dmitry Donskoy» by one of the prominent representatives of Russian literature ‒ Sergei Borodin, attract attention as the first best examples of this genre in Soviet times. If the novels of the writer «Egyptian», «Dmitry Donskoy» took into account the spirit of the era, trends, historical chronological principle, then in some places of the historical novel «Stars over Samarkand» this principle was not observed. In a work of art, historical and artistic truth must be combined in such a way that the writer should not distort the essence of the event. S. Borodin’s «Stars over Samarkand» is a trilogy. The first book is Lame Timur , the second novel – Campfire Bonfires, and the third one was Lightning Bayazet. It is clear that the novel was devoted to historical figures and events that were not covered properly in the Soviet era as historical figures and events. Here, both historical events and historical figures must be evaluated in such a way that there is no distortion of the truth. In the trilogy of S. Borodin, this was observed to a certain extent; here, in addition to historical facts, artistic imagination is also present. This is completely natural, because the writer is not a historian to describe him as he was. The writer must first describe the spirit of the era with all its liveliness. This aspect in one sense or another has been observed in the trilogy. For example, there is information in various historical sources about Timur’s attention to traders, the continuation of trade even during the war, and the openness of roads for its development. In the novel «Stars over Samarkand» there are pages, even chapters on Timur’s support for trade. When writing these pages, the writer relied on historical realities. For example, after Timur’s campaign in India, learning about what trophies market traders return to, he writes that they will earn money here: «India! In the market ranks they talked anxiously about goods brought from there. To find out what to bring from or send there, they sent a detective to the experts». Therefore, the writer should not only study the historical events of this period well but also be objective about them.

Who Tells Your Story? Analyzing a Century of Utah History

Price prediction in the stock market is challenging since it is affected by several factors and the price shows a semi-random behavior. One important factor that is affecting the stock price, is the news associated with the companies. If a news article affects the market, it is called an Event, otherwise it is called non-important news or noise. Due to the semi-random behavior of the price and the high number of news articles, finding the correlation between the stock price and news articles and detecting the events among the news articles become very sophisticated, and consequently, predicting the price change regarding news articles gets challenging. In this paper, we propose a model to predict the impact of news articles on future stock prices. The model can capture the relationship between the price change and the news articles by an event detection method. The event detection method improves the prediction model by extracting the events among all news articles published in history and removing non-important news articles, or in another word, it decreases the noise. It helps to determine if a newly published news article is similar to an event in history and as a result, improves the performance of the prediction model. The provided results confirm that the event detection method improves the prediction.

Reviewed by: Histories for the Many: The Victorian Family Magazine and Popular Representations of the Past: The Leisure Hour, 1852–1870 by Doris Lechner Jennifer Phegley (bio) Histories for the Many: The Victorian Family Magazine and Popular Representations of the Past: The Leisure Hour, 1852–1870, by Doris Lechner; pp. 340. Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript-Verlag, 2017, $45.00. Doris Lechner's Histories for the Many: The Victorian Family Magazine and Popular Representations of the Past: The Leisure Hour, 1852–1870 has a great deal to offer anyone who wants to understand Victorian magazines, the emergence of mass-market publishing, or representations of history in popular culture. The book explores these broad topics through a case study of the Leisure Hour and the Religious Tract Society, its founder and publisher. While the Leisure Hour appealed to readers with entertaining non-fiction serials about historical events and figures, its editors were aware that competition from secular rivals such as the London Journal were brimming with sensational serials accompanied by equally exciting illustrations and non-fiction essays. Lechner argues that while the London Journal had the advantage, the Leisure Hour capitalized on the most appealing traits of [End Page 534] the penny family magazine as a way to propel itself into the realm of its bestselling rival. The Leisure Hour also anticipated "the arrival of the family magazine to the middle classes in the 1860s" as it bridged the gap between the penny weekly and the shilling monthly versions of the genre with its promotion of middle-class notions of respectability (62). Indeed, the magazine was redesigned in the early 1860s in order to incorporate some key elements of the middle-class family magazines, including a full-page illustration for each issue; a larger, more easily readable format; and features that would appeal to both middle-class housewives and railway commuters. The magazine was finally converted from a weekly to a monthly in 1881. After defining the genre of the Victorian family magazine and tracing its trajectory from a cheap mass-market genre in the 1840s and 1850s into a more expensive format for middle-class readers in the 1860s, Lechner delves into the rationale behind the Leisure Hour's focus on historical narratives rather than fiction. She maintains that the Religious Tract Society believed that the use of fiction would undermine its goal of religious conversion while historical writing would support its evangelical aims. Historical content also promised to unite its target audience of working- and lower-middle-class readers with its more educated and affluent founding members. As Lechner points out, the magazine's historical agenda was "defined by the periodical's design as an intermediary within Victorian historical culture: between secular and religious, working and middle class, male and female, popular and academic" (15). History in the Leisure Hour took many forms, including travel writing, biographical and autobiographical narratives, descriptive sketches of monuments and landscapes, and reviews of historical books and exhibitions. Much of the historical writing was serialized and illustrated, suggesting an equivalence to the popular fiction published in other family magazines. The historical selections represented English national identity across historical periods and "often addressed domestic, everyday experiences and objects" as a way to connect "historical actors or events to contemporary" readers (27). Perhaps not surprisingly for a magazine that wanted to walk the line between the secular and the religious, the Leisure Hour typically refrained from engaging in overtly religious discourse. Lechner goes on to compare the Leisure Hour with its working-class rival the London Journal (1845–1912), as well as with its middle-class counterparts Good Words (1860–1911) and the Cornhill Magazine (1860–1975). Interestingly, John Gilbert served as one of the primary illustrators for both the Leisure Hour and the London Journal, which gave the magazines a similar appearance. Both magazines also featured images of historical events, monuments, and national landscapes, though the Leisure Hour was more focused on these subjects of illustration than the more sensational London Journal. According to Lechner, the Religious Tract Society was interested in "didactic and moral notions" derived from historical events relevant to its readers' lives (77). The London Journal, on the other hand, focused on "great men...

Exploring country's preference over news mentions to academic papers

This article touches upon the problem of the influence of the film industry on the perception of historical events by the audience. Today, more and more people interested in history are learning about certain historical events through films and TV series, which cannot but cause concern about the possibility of distortion of historical facts. In this study, various manipulative tools and film technologies used by directors and screenwriters to influence the perception of the viewer were considered. The analysis of the Russian historical series "Ekaterina" (2014) was also carried out from the point of view of the influence of this work on the formation of the image of Catherine the Great, other historical figures and events in the eyes of the mass audience.

This is a content-rich project with detailed information about the intertwining lives of many historical figures. Because gifted students can absorb content quickly, this information is presented in greater depth and with less iteration than is typically found in middle school social studies units. This content, however, is presented as the supporting evidence for defining the principles and patterns that drive historical decisions and events. Moreover, as more information is introduced, students are guided to build an expanding network of connections among the facts. This network provides the needed content for thinking critically, developing multiple perspectives, and for understanding cause and effect patterns. As they build this network, students are continually guided to build connections among content-rich information and historical events.

This chapter explores ways to think about historical “stuff” and how to use objects to create a rich presentation and understanding of both time periods and historical figures. Items can help “set the stage” while also offering insight into subtle details about specific people, like their tastes and movements and whether they were right- or left-handed. These details help make the past come alive and provide avenues for people to make deep personal connections with historical events and figures. For teachers, objects can enrich their lessons by literally setting the stage with the items that witnessed historical activities and periods. Their students, on the other hand, might find that objects can help turn abstract historical events and figures into tangible happenings and people. This chapter discusses material culture studies and ways to interrogate objects before examining how objects can help inform interpretation.

Sentiment analysis of U.S. News & World Report Best Children's Hospital urology rankings: A difference in positivity between the public and academic worlds

This study examines the communication of astrobiology and the Search for Life Elsewhere (SLE) in academic papers, press releases, and news articles over three decades. Through a quantitative content analysis, it investigates the prevalence of speculations and promises/expectations in these sources, aiming to understand how research results are portrayed and their potential impact on public perception and future research directions. Findings reveal that speculations and promises/expectations are more frequent in news articles and press releases compared to academic papers. Speculations about conditions for life and the existence of life beyond Earth are common, particularly in news articles covering exoplanet research, while promises of life detection are rare. Press releases tend to emphasize the significance of research findings and the progress of the field. Speculations and promises/expectations in news articles often occur without attribution to scientists and in quotes of authors of the studies, and slightly less so in quotes of outside experts. The study highlights the complex dynamics of science communication in astrobiology, where speculations and promises can generate public excitement and influence research funding, but also risk misrepresenting scientific uncertainty and creating unrealistic expectations. It underscores the need for responsible communication practices that acknowledge the speculative dimension of the field while fostering public engagement and informed decision-making.

(ProQuest-CSA LLC: ... denotes Hebrew characters omitted) A general consensus among scholars holds that David misunderstands Nathans parable in 2 Sam 12:lb-4. Most scholars assume that this misunderstanding results from David's treatment of it as an actual legal case rather than as a parable.1 This article argues that David does in fact recognize Nathan's story as a parable but that he does not interpret it as Nathan intends. Rather, David overinterprets the parable and then tries to condemn Joab for the murder of Uriah in vv. 5-6. First, I will provide evidence to refute the position that David does not recognize the story as a parable. Second, I will examine how David may understand the story if he hears it as a parable. Third, I will illustrate how David attempts to condemn Joab for Uriah's murder in w. 5-6 based on his overinterpretation of the parable. I. DID DAVID HEAR A PARABLE OR A LEGAL CASE? The notion that David interprets Nathan's story as an actual legal case has enjoyed popularity since Uriel Simon suggested that Nathan's story belongs to the genre of parables.2 According to Simon, a juridical parable contains a realistic story about a legal violation that is told to someone who has committed a similar offense in hopes that the person will unsuspectingly pass judgment on himself or herself. The offender will be caught in the trap only if he or she does not detect prematurely that the parable condemns him or her. Thus, the speaker disguises the parable as a legal case and creates some discrepancy between the parable and the offender s situation in order to trap the offender.3 Although some scholars question whether Simon has identified an actual genre of parables,4 his notion that the juridical setting of Nathans story conceals its parabolic quality remains influential.5 Yet, as Hugh Pyper observes, only the surrounding narrative provides the juridical setting for the parable. If one brackets David's reaction to the parable in w. 5-6, nothing in the parable itself (w. lb-4) suggests that it is a legal case.6 The parable does not have any of the typical features of a legal proceeding, such as specific details, witnesses, or testimony (cf. 1 Kgs 3:16-30)7 In addition, important differences exist between Nathan's story and the two most convincing parallels that Simon cites. In the case of the wise woman of Tekoa (2 Sam 14:124) and the unnamed prophet disguised as a wounded soldier (1 Kgs 20:35-43), the one who relates the veiled parable comes to the king disguised as an injured party seeking mercy from the king.8 The wise woman of Tekoa, disguised as a bereaved mother, presents her case as a dispute among her family members.9 Disguised as a wounded solider, the prophet presents his case as an incident that happened to him in war. Yet, in 2 Sam 12:1b-4, Nathan, who is not disguised, tells a story about two men who have no apparent relation to him. Since no other biblical prophet presents another person's legal case to a king, one has little reason to believe that Nathan provides an exception. In other words, compared to other examples of a parable disguised as a legal case, Nathan does a very job of disguising his parable. Nathan may intend to present not a disguised parable but rather a typical prophetic parable with the aim of confronting David directly. The poetic style and vocabulary in vv. 1b-4 link the story more closely with proverbs and parables than with legal petitions. For instance, outside of Nathans story, the book of Proverbs contains the only other occurrences of the words rich (...) and poor (...) in the same biblical verse (cf. Prov 10:4; 13:7, 8; 14:20; 18:23; 22:2; 28:6). As many scholars note, the literary character of Nathan's story breaks from the surrounding narrative. While arguing that David takes the story as a historical event and not a parable, J. P. Fokkelman still draws the reader's attention to its unified rhythm and cluster of phonetic devices such as rhyme and consonantal alliteration. …

Editor's Note: This paper has been edited for the Bulletin from Mr. Lu's much longer submission to the SIG/III 2002 International Paper Competition, in which it was awarded first place. The original article contains numerous references to support the statistics and data presented here, but space precludes including them in the Bulletin. Mr. Lu presented his paper at the 2002 ASIST Annual Meeting. The new technological revolution with digitization, networking and information as its major features is sweeping across the globe and exerting great influence upon social, political, economic and cultural activities as well as people's daily lives. Sharing global resources requires many diverse databases. Ever since the end of the 1980s, based on their faster economic development, Southern, Eastern, Northern and Central China have started digitization of traditional Chinese information resources and have achieved a certain level of progress. There were only 806 (mainly bibliographic) databases in 1991, but they had increased to over 8000 in 2000. However, Western China, which is rich in historical and cultural resources, has lagged behind in information digitization and has been unable to turn its resource advantage into a development advantage. Western China has started construction of digital libraries, but only some traditional catalogs (with various forms of entries) and a limited number of small graphical and textual databases for local tourism or about minority ethnic group traditions have been made available. These databases also suffer from problems of uneven quality, unnecessary duplication and low rates of access and utilization. There is no authorized agency for coordination of information resource acquisition or digital base construction in Western China. Western China This paper focuses on the special characteristics and position of Western China literature resources; their distribution in major libraries in Western China; existing problems in collecting, organizing and providing access to these special resources; governmental policies and investments for information resource development; and possible approaches for developing the special resource digital databases in Western China. Western China is composed of the following 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions: Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet, Guangxi and Inner Mongolia. This vast area includes 53.8 million square kilometers (56 percent of the country) and 358.46 million people (in 1999), or 23 percent of the total. Western China boasts very rich natural and cultural resources. Among China's 56 diverse nationalities, 44 of them are in Western China. Western China is also the location of such important and symbolic historical cultural remains as the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, the terra cotta figures of warriors in the First Emperor's Mausoleum, the ancient Loulan Kingdom, the Yuanmou Man site, the Potala Palace and the southern and northern Silk Routes. Western China Literatures as discussed in this paper refers to the following resources: Local literatures – the information of specific localities that assumes the role of carrier of their culture, comprehensively recording and maintaining the historical conditions and events related to the local politics, economy, culture, education and other important information The literature of local nationalities or ethnic groups collected and maintained in the public libraries. Other multimedia literatures to be developed in the Western China. The second category, the literature of nationalities (or ethnic groups), is the totality of the specially-featured literature resources about their history, geography, humanism, natural surroundings, economic conditions, culture and so forth formed and accumulated in specific historical periods and specific regions. Due to the special features of the social histories, economies and cultures of the minority nationalities, their historical literatures can be divided into some basic types: Orally Transmitted Literatures: A few ethnic groups did not develop writing scripts of their own in history, and their understanding of the natural world and their society was passed on generation by generation usually by means of the oral dictation. Even those ethnic groups who had their own scripts commonly resorted to oral transmission for passing on information, experience and knowledge. Simple Graphic Symbol Literatures: A few of the minority nationalities used simple graphic patterns to record and transfer cultural information. For instance, those on woodcuts, bamboo carvings, stone carvings, gravestone inscriptions, sculptures or bronze ware reflect the production, life, historical events and historical figures, religious legends and religious dances of the minority nationalities. This kind of literature can often be collected and maintained by means of replicating, rubbing or photographic copying. Textual Literatures of Minority Nationalities: Some ethnic groups used or are currently still using their own writing scripts for recording and transferring their cultural information. For example, among the 26 nationalities in Yunnan, there are 11 nationalities that formerly used 24 writing scripts. Through the reform of their writing system, currently there are 21 systems available for these 11 minority groups to use. Historical literatures written in such scripts are rather plentiful, forming, for instance, the Dongba literature in the Dongba pictographic characters of the Naxi people, the Yi literature, the Tibetan literature, the Mongolian literature, the Bai literature. Literatures Containing Cultural Information about Specific Ethnic Groups Written in Chinese or the Writing Systems of Other Nationalities: In China the writing system of the majority Han nationality is dominant, and it is directly and indirectly used for recording the cultural information of minority nationalities or ethnic groups. The huge volume of such writings is very valuable. And there are many other materials that are the object of study for scholars interested in the distinctive cultures, history and geography of Western China. These include archeological or other preserved sites and areas, as well as artistic and historical artifacts such as the oracle bone scripts, bamboo tablets, wooden tablets, silk books and their hand-sheets, block-printed copies, ancient calligraphy works and paintings, and inscription rubbings. According to incomplete statistics, various libraries in China hold more than 2.2 million volumes of "rare" books made before 1794; 26.45 million volumes of "ancient" books published before 1911; and 6300 periodicals, magazines and newspapers published before 1949. A part of these materials has been micro-processed in libraries for protection and utilization. The statistics by the end of 1999 show that 36.3 million camera shots had been done in the whole country, involving 2349 rare books, 2160 newspapers and 8325 periodicals. Another part of these materials will be processed for safekeeping by using the digital techniques. But, only the National Library and the local libraries of Shanghai City, Zhejiang Province, Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City currently do the above micro-processing. In Western China, only Guangxi Library has established a certain number of database entries, including 560,000 catalog records, and a small number of the small-scale, specialized full-text databases. However, the provinces and autonomous regions that are extremely rich in literature resources such as Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Guizhou, Yunnan and Inner Mongolia have not yet started to carry out literature information digitization. Take Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Library as an example. Its collections of Mongolian literature are extremely plentiful and are in an independent system. Among them are 7800 volumes of ancient Mongolian books and 71,200 volumes of Mongolian books published after the founding of the People's Republic of China, in addition to 6300 volumes of Slav-Mongolian books, 14,600 volumes of ancient Tibetan books and 3400 volumes of ancient Manchu books. In these collections, there are the full sets of the Tibetan version of "Ganjur" scripture and the Mongolian versions of both "Ganjur" and "Danjur" scriptures. Currently, there are 44,730 volumes of Tibetan and Chinese local literature books in Inner Mongolia that are carefully kept in the library. Through scores of years of collation and processing, the book collections in the major libraries in Western China have formed comparatively complete systems in their structures, having considerable scale and special features. They are among the most important collections of Western China literature held by libraries and our first choice for the digitization. At present, however, the level of construction and management for China's libraries is still low in comparison with that of the developed countries, and this gap is prominent in Western China. By the end of 2001 in China, there were altogether 2689 public libraries above the county level, of which 963 were in the 12 provinces and regions in Western China (2001 statistics). They held 136.8 million books of around 400 million books in the whole country. In these areas there were 13 provincial libraries keeping 24.78 million books of 132 million in all the provincial libraries in China. The problems of inadequate book collections, low book quality, poor library facilities and shortage of book purchase funds at various levels of libraries have not been solved yet. In the year 2000, 738 or 27.6 percent of the libraries in China did not purchase even one new book for a whole year; 70 percent of these libraries are located in Western China. As the pace of economic globalization increases, the Chinese government has been emphasizing the importance and urgency of speeding up information system construction to raise China's comprehensive competitiveness. The government has promulgated relevant rules and regulations and has instructed the ministries and commissions concerned to work out detailed implementation guidelines and applicable measures. The government of China has started to realize that digital libraries are key to construction of the digitalized China. Starting with the implementation of the Ninth Five-Year Plan in China, the Chinese central government has increased its investments in the construction of information resource databases, and the local governments allot large amounts of funds for basic research and development of information databases in concerted actions with the central government, which has made special-purpose financial appropriations available. By the end of 2001 the central government of China and the local governments involved had respectively made investments of 8.16 billion and 14.916 billion Yuan RMB (about 1 billion and 1.8 billion US dollars) to improve hardware in local libraries and support digitization. The National Library and the Shanghai Library consecutively launched digital library projects, and the provinces and regions in Western China also made positive responses. Nonetheless, almost all of the above support has been concentrated in the Eastern China areas. Only one project has been supported in Western China at Yunnan Provincial Library with funding in excess of 50 million Yuan (about 6.05 million USD). In May 2000 the Chinese Ministry for Cultures (Proposals Concerning Western China Development Strategies and Strengthening Western China's Cultural Construction) put forward 15 suggestions to promote the construction of a public library network system and digital libraries in the Western China areas. In August 2000 the Ministry of Science and Technology pointed out the importance of digitalization of Western China ( Proposals Concerning Scientific and Technological Work in Western China Development). The General Planning for the Western China Development in the Period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan clearly pointed out the importance of vigorously pushing forward information system construction in the large and medium-sized cities, perfecting the computer information networks and developing the public information service platforms (Leading Team for Western China Development, State Council. General Planning for Western China Development During the Tenth "Five-Year Plan," July 2002). "Proposals Concerning Several Policies and Measures for Western China Development" (Leading Team for Western China Development, State Council, August 2001) also emphasized the favorable policies adopted for the use of the state special-purpose subsidy funds both for cultural facility maintenance and for the cultural units at and above the county level in the border areas in Western China. Besides, the provinces and regions in Western China, when formulating the development guidelines adopted in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, all took information system construction as the priority for their near future work, in which resource digitization again stands at the fore. In May 2002 the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Finance issued the "Circular Regarding Application of the All-China Cultural Information Resource Sharing Projects." The circular also pointed out that the first batch of the 25-million-Yuan (3 million USD) special purpose funds for the "Sharing Projects" arranged by the central government as well as the relevant complementary funds to be allotted by the local governments for the year should mainly be used to support Western China and other underdeveloped areas for grassroots center construction. As of May 2002, 12 libraries in Western China had been enlisted among the member libraries covered by the digitization projects. In China the state information infrastructure construction has taken shape, and the main communication network has also been established, which includes the data network, the optical fiber trunk network, the ATM network, the SHD synchronous digital serial network and the optical fiber linkage network. The wide-band networks under construction in some large and medium-sized cities in Western China will provide the necessary communication platform to carry out Western China literature resource digitization. According to Xu Wenbo, the head of China Digital Library Development Strategy Group, the targets to be achieved for the construction of databases in the China Digital Library Project include that the system should be distributed with uniform standards, be able to work on unified network platform and be expandable (Xu, W. Thoughts on Creating Digital Libraries. May 2002. Available at www.ccnt.com.cn/library/luntan/show.htm?id=20010302002). The digitization of Western China information resources should stress selection and quality rather than scope or amount of development at the initial phase. It has a very clearly defined target to enrich the Chinese network resources to allow the country's characteristics to be more fully and perfectly exposed through the global Chinese resource networks. The establishment of a special resource database in Western China is an indispensable link in the formation of the all-China Chinese database groups and similar to the construction of special databases in other regions or localities. Such databases in Western China could not be implemented independent of the general framework of the state distributed asynchronous system of the Chinese resources. Since the Western China provinces and regions are vast in area with relatively poor communications and ill-balanced development in library facilities, each library involved in the special database development and construction should assign relevant personnel to investigate local resources as their conditions allows. They should study and collect relevant information material in such sources as the cultural organizations, art groups, museums, nationality communities, religious communities and geological departments, as well as the villages in all the districts, prefectures and cities. The construction of the resource databases should be phased and layered to establish the multiple hierarchies of the database protection systems step by step. Participating libraries and enterprises should start with small special projects that can eventually converge into the state-level special information resource database group services. Some steps necessary to ensure eventual merger include the following: Each library should finish their investigations within a specific period and work out "White Paper Books for the Construction of Special Local and Minority Nationalities Literature Database." They should develop plans for "Special Resource Catalogs" at that point and proceed to build up the catalog databases for special books for their own libraries. Finally, they should sum up the raw materials, do the online checks for duplicate records to avoid repeated construction and ensure the completeness of the materials collected. Based on the China Combined Catalogs of the Local Literatures, China Catalogs of Rare Books, and the Catalogs of Literatures for Minority Nationalities, as worked out by each library with support from the literature information organizations that have completed catalog database construction for standard books, the special book catalog databases of Western China should be organized and established as soon as possible. These catalogs can be the basis of the local combined catalogs, can perfect and standardize the construction of the catalog data, promote inter-library loan and resource sharing and greatly reduce duplication of effort in database construction. The projects should comprehensively utilize the database resources established and under current construction by various literature information organizations. Asynchronous database platforms for the special resources should be constructed and the unnecessary duplication of effort by libraries should be avoided so as to form a number of special literature resource database groups in a short period of time. If a project for a specialized database has been started, it is necessary to pay special attention and ensure that the general design method and general framework planning for this digital system is in appropriate coherence with the state construction plan for digital libraries. Each library should investigate and analyze the original data available from the special full-text databases in existence or under the current construction as well as from electronic publications. There should be an appropriate way to use and catalog those non-digital media resources from radio broadcasting stations and television stations as well as from research units of various kinds, artistic groups and personages. The relevant software such as text-retrieval systems or optical character recognition could be used to do the necessary transformation and processing. The first step would be to make a great effort to produce multimedia databases with high quality content that relate to ecological tourism, ethnic culture, rare species, special minerals, flowers, butterflies, and ethnic dances, plays, operas and costume as the trial project to introduce the resources of a certain area. The resources on the Internet should be effectively organized and utilized in support of the key projects and the key disciplinary development direction to build up all the specialized databases. Scientific, standardized and normalized digital database construction is the fundamental element of network information dissemination. Standardization in libraries in Western China has lagged behind that in other parts of the country, especially with respect to seeking, collecting, cataloging, indexing and managing local literatures. The literatures of nationalities and their ancient books, in most cases, were handled by different libraries in different ways. Up to now, nearly all the classification systems seen or heard of in other parts of China such as "Four-Division Classification," "Liu Guojun Classification," "Pi Gaopin Classification" and the "Dewey Decimal Classification" have been adopted to classify the collections of special literatures in the libraries of Western China, including those at the provincial level. To implement the digitization of the ancient book resources as national legacies, the first problem that must, therefore, be solved is the normalization and standardization of cataloging methods. In China, the State Standard Commission should provide the solutions ahead of the schedule for the digitization. For instance, it should work out the ancient book and literature classifications, ethno-nationality literature cataloging and indexing methods for unified use across China. In addition to meeting the literature processing standards, database construction must also be in compliance with the relevant network transfer protocols such as X.25, TCP/IP, ATM and DTM, as well as utilizing standard digital literature formats such as MARC, JPEG, GIF, PNC, PDF, MPEG-X, TXT, REALMAIDIL and MOV. It also needs to employ such mature network information processing tools as XML and the Z39.50 information retrieval protocol, which are in global use. Special database construction involves a great amount of ancient literatures and various kinds of unique and rare copies of books, and the information carrier forms include and bamboo and wooden tablets, silk books, books and books. in the of digitization, the problems that the libraries in Western China with literature – standard and protection – they also special These include data standard and for the relevant ancient books, the databases for literature written in the traditional Chinese characters and those in the and choice and classification for the ancient Chinese in the digitization of the local ethno-nationality the normalized and standardized software for processing nationality or ethnic writing scripts is also The and implementation of and have a and fundamental role in database construction in Western China and for its quality and level. can avoid the of repeated construction by and can reduce and the for data and libraries and in the with the technological and new and will also be and all of literature digitization, network system software and hardware should be done in and standard and and space should be for and in the Special literature databases are the important parts the general databases. have a with database and their data and data should have very In the database should be taken for database space planning and database management of the data data and data will be very important to future database the digitization of the literatures and their cultural resources, the will be put out in the form of databases. There is no these databases and other information systems in respect to the for system resource the to on various system and in The databases are for after so they must also very and each digital has for its The first is management as in the of the All-China Literature Resource The second is the distributed management Each member library is the and it the networks to complete and data The of this is to the local software and hardware some choice of the raw material for their databases and their implementation of and processing not be of The management is the of the distributed management in of the and The distributed management should be adopted it is much more for the current and future distributed database development for digital library resource databases in China is both of technological and the conditions in China, There is no for that can central databases. There are no special at the A distributed the to make use of the and space available on and of within the networks to complete library processing work that requires great amounts of database on the by through services. The and used by distributed are and the location of distributed on the networks and the systems in use are all to distributed have on the networks. Resource is the most part of digital library and it is also the of the digital information platforms The development of digital libraries can the of each resource and the construction of databases that their special features. protection for literature resources and them from large of resources on the of and various kinds of media resources around different areas and the of resource the standardization and normalization of the literature the of network and computer in library construction and Based on these the of this through his and of the existing conditions in Western China, including problems in library construction here, has formed the following should be construction planning should be worked should be made to converge and the raw material of the resources. methods should be Construction should be and through an effort be able to the and the in the construction of the digital libraries in Western China. should be that in Western China there are very rich and ecological resources as well as their literature, especially the resources. with the development and transformation of economy, society and cultures, especially with the and in the scope and of the of people, the resources in Western China are the of and that in other developing should utilize all means to develop and promote the Western China resources, to turn its resource into the development and to to the great of Chinese information resources.

Recently there have been lots of local festivals based on historical figures and events. The historical evidences for them, however, are frequently unreliable. Local festivals, while they have strong points in encouraging local unity, are prone to pervert history.<BR> This paper is to review the philological evidences for the relation between Honggildong and Jangseong, as well as between Wangin and Yeongam, concerning Honggildong-Festival in Jangseong Province and Wangin-Culture-Festival in Yeongam Province. In conclusion, the historical figures in both Festivals do not seem to be closely connected with each region referred. Thus, from now on, there should be done proving of the historical truth in advance of holding local festivals related to historical figures and events. Furthermore, we need to develop more nation-wide themes for festivals getting over regional limits.

Reliable information on historical flood events is critical for flood risk analysis, climate change adaptation, verification of forecast models, etc. Unfortunately, such information is often difficult to find, due to e.g. lack of monitoring equipment at the location of a flood. In Denmark, management of water has traditionally been the responsibility of local authorities, which means there is a limited national overview of historical events and their consequences. Previous studies have employed different strategies for compiling a flood event inventory, including mining information from (1) insurance data, (2) social media data, and (3) newspaper archives. The aim of this study is to exploit a comprehensive digital news media archive to compile an inventory of Danish flood events in the period 2007-2020 with information on the time and location of the event, to classify the type of flood, and note any available information on local consequences and damages. We have gained access to the company Infomedia&amp;#8217;s large digital media archive, which consists of digitized articles from news sources ranging from major national newspapers to small, local outlets. The archive contains more than 75 million news articles with the earliest articles dating back to 1990. The archive is searchable through calls to an API with a custom search language that combine user-specified keywords. A hydrologist has read all articles that match the keywords, noting all the relevant information. 1,118 distinct flooded locations where identified over the 14-year period of 2007-2020. Results show that there is large year-to-year variability in the different types of floods. Urban pluvial floods are experienced somewhere in Denmark every single year, while the number of both fluvial and storm surge floods are very low (or entirely missing) in some years. Urban pluvial floods occur throughout the year but are highly concentrated in the summer months with a mean date of occurrence in late July, while storm surges are observed only between September and March with a mean date in mid-December. Fluvial floods are the least concentrated type of floods and occur throughout the year with a slight overweight in winter months (mean date in early January). The spatial distribution of floods is uneven with four out the 10 municipalities that experience the highest number of floods being located in Eastern Jutland (Vejle, Horsens, Kolding, Aarhus) and another four located in the Northern half of Zealand (Copenhagen, Roskilde, Gribskov, Holb&amp;#230;k). Storm surge events occur over large geographical areas and we therefore speculate that they are more likely to be reported in news media than urban pluvial floods, which are often local events due to the small-scale nature of convective rainfall cells. Ongoing work is trying to quantify these aspects and validate the individual flood events in the inventory using additional data sources.