Agronomic Performance of Soybean and Sorghum Irrigated with Slaughterhouse-Treated Effluent

Soybean is the major crop in the Brazilian Cerrado region. Tocantins state has been increasing soybean production mostly into degraded pasture. However, cover crops such as forages crops are important to implement in regional soybean agricultural systems to increase systems resilience due to climate variability. There is a lack of information regarding to agronomic performance of soybean intercropped with cover crops under no-tillage. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications in factorial 7 × 2. Seven soybean cultivation systems were tested: 1) soybean intercropped with Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; 2) soybean intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis; 3) soybean intercropped with Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça; 4) soybean intercropped with Panicum infestans cv. Massai; 5) soybean intercropped with Pennisetum americanum; 6) soybean followed by Pennisetum americanum; and 7) soybean and fallow. Two soil acidity and amelioration were tested: 1) with lime and gypsum application; 2) without lime and gypsum application. Soybean grain yield, plant height and number of pods per plant were different. Soybean grain yield were higher with lime ad gypsum application. The highest soybean plants height were observed in the treatments where lime and gypsum were applied, and with soybean intercropped with P. maximun and Millet. Soybean number of pods was positively affected P. infestans intercropped with soybean. There was no significant difference among treatments for mass per 100 seeds. Cover crops showed suitable to increase agronomic performance of soybean.

The aim of this study was to develop regression models on the basis of correlation between yield parameters of soybean (plant height, thousand seed weight, and yield) and some physical and chemical characteristics of soils and to determine applicability of obtained models in estimation of plant yield grown in soils of Carsamba Plain. Soil and plant samples were taken from farmer’s fields in the plain. Regression models between soybean plant height and soil properties of bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), wilting point (WP), available water content (AWC) and clay yielded high coefficient determination (R= 0.766) and was significant (p=0.091); Model between thousand seed weight and OM, BD, sand, silt, lime (CaCO 3 ), cation exchange capacity (CEC), N, phosphorus (P), K, sodium (Na), field capacity (FC) and WP, resulted in R=0.782 and was insignificant; and model between seed yield and OM, CEC, N, P, copper (Cu), clay, sand, AWC, and FC yielded R= 0.853 and it was highly significant (p= 0.029). Determination coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), index of agreement (d), model efficiency (ME) were evaluated together to determine the validity of regression models. In general, statistical parameters were within validity limits. The results suggested that the developed regression models can be applied in the estimation of yield parameters in soybean grown in study area.

Impact of water quality on setting of irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials

Effect of Synthetic Fertilizer on Diazotrophic Bacteria in Secondary Forest and Oil Palm Soils in Central Kalimantan

The food supply has grown steadily over the years, while production has been hampered by the increased use of synthetic fertilizers, leading to pollution and degradation of soil physico-chemical properties. It is imperative to advocate for the promotion of sustainable farming techniques that can enhance crop yields while improving soil fertility, without the excessive utilisation of chemical fertilizers. Hence the interest of this study, which involved the use of organic compost enriched or not with Trichoderma Harzianum spores as an alternative method to assess their effect on the physico-chemical soil and agronomic parameters of the « TGX 1910-14F » soybean variety being tested in a greenhouse growing vase. The study was carried out at the Institute of Research Development (IRD) in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), on a completely randomized block trial with four fertilization regimes repeated five times. The trial consisted of comparing soil parameters and soybean yields under four fertilization regimes: T1 (1 l m-3 of Trichoderma harzianum spores); T2 (3 t ha-1 of compost); T3 (3 t ha-1 of compost + 1 l m-3 of Trichoderma harzianum spores), T0 (absolute control with no inputs). 4 kg of fine soil from a lixisol and sieved to 2 mm with a field capacity moisture of 150 ml kg-1 of soil were added to each fertilization regime. The results showed that T2 and T3 fertilization regimes improved the organic status, total N, P and K content, absorbable P and available P of the soils. T3 significantly (P < 0.001) increased plant height (146.80 ± 9.92 cm) and the number of soybean plant leaves (46.20 ± 2.41) compared with treatments T0 and T1. T0 and T1 fertilization regimes significantly increased (P < 0.001) the number and weight of soybean nodules compared with T2 and T3. Total soybean biomass was significantly improved (P < 0.001) under T2 and T3 compared with T1 and T0. Thus, the T2 and T3 fertilization regimes was more effective in improving soil fertility and soybean biomass production. The input of Trichoderma harzianum (T1) and fine soil with no inputs (T0) stimulated nodulation of soybean, while compost combined with Trichoderma harzianum spores (T2 et T3) had an effect on vegetative growth. It may be posited that the latter treatment could serve as an alternative means of improving soil fertility and increasing soybean yields.

Broiler chicks, allocated in a randomized block design, were fed four diets containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of the diet and drinking water with a high salt concentration (6000 ppm). A control group received tap water and the EDTA-free diet. The addition of 6000 ppm NaCl in the drinking water had no effect on weight gain or feed conversion. Similarly, the inclusion of up to 0.4% EDTA in the feed had no adverse effect on weight gain. Analyses of packed-cell volume (PCV) and plasma sodium, chloride and calcium concentrations showed no changes as a result of treatment. Water consumption almost doubled for the chicks subjected to high salt water regimens compared with the control. Two groups of chicks received the EDTA-free diet, and significantly (P < 0.10) higher mortality was found for the group on the salt water compared with the tap water controls. The mortality in the former was also significantly (P < 0.10) higher than for the group receiving 0.2% EDTA in the diet and salt water. The chicks on the 0.4% EDTA diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality than control chicks on tap water and those chicks receiving salt water and diets containing 0.1% and 0.2% EDTA. Postmortem examination indicated that ascites and widespread edema were the causes of death in chicks that drank salt water and consumed diets containing no EDTA or 0.4% EDTA. The death of chicks on treatments that resulted in low mortality rates was not attributable to ascites. The reason for the apparent beneficial effect of feeding 0.2% EDTA in the diet in conjunction with the salt water remains open to conjecture.

The use of biostimulants in the treatment of soybean seeds can provide beneficial effects on the crop due to the synergism between the organic components present in products from natural compounds. Due to the scarcity of results of research on biostimulants in the treatment of soybean seeds, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of doses of a biostimulant in the treatment of seeds, on agronomic characteristics, productivity components and profitability of soybean culture. Therefore, two experiments were carried out in the field in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 harvests, using a randomized block design with six replications and four treatments referring to doses of 0.00; 0.05; 0.10; and 0.15 L 100 kg seeds-1. The agronomic characteristics of soybeans, grain yield and profitability of using the biostimulant were evaluated. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the dose of 0.15 L 100 kg seeds-1 provided greater profitability in both harvests. In addition, doses above 0.12 L 100 kg seed-1 provide higher grain yields and a higher grain mass, in addition to other productivity components.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crop species on the agronomic performance of soybean (Glycine max) cropped in succession, under a no-tillage system. The study was conducted during three crop seasons (2011/2012, 2012/2013, and 2013/2014), with the following cover crops: white oat (Avena sativa), black oat (Avena strigosa), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), vetch (Vicia sativa), forage radish (Raphanus sativus), the intercrop black oat + forage radish, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) as the standard management. Forage radish and the intercrop black oat + forage radish provided greater soil cover rates after 30 days of planting, as well as dry matter production in the three crop seasons. After 45 and 90 days from desiccation, however, white oat and ryegrass showed the highest soil cover rate. Black oat and the intercrop black oat + forage radish provided higher soybean yield than the standard management with wheat, in the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crop seasons. Winter cover crops can significantly affect soybean yield in succession, and black oat and the intercrop black oat + forage radish stand out for this purpose.

Morphological characters of soybean can be influenced by shading which are occasionally caused in plants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different shading levels on epicotyl length, epicotyl diameter and height of soybean plants. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. When the plants reached the V2 development stage, measurements were taken of epicotyl length and epicotyl diameter in experiment I (conducted in autumn); and epicotyl length, epicotyl diameter, and plant height in experiments II (spring/summer) and III (summer). Each experiments were conducted in a randomized block design, in subdivided plots, with four repetitions. The plots were composed of four shading levels and the subplots were composed of eight conventional cultivars. Each experimental unit consisted of one plant grown in a 3 dm³ pot filled with soil and organic matter. The three characters evaluated in the experiment presented significant effect for the interaction cultivar x shading x sowing seasons. Epicotyl length, independent of the sowing season, increased as the shading level intensified. Both the shading level and the sowing season influenced the diameter of the epicotyl, in a general way, reducing the diameter as the shading level increased. With increasing shading rate there was an increase in plant height. Moreover, the cultivars formed statistically distinct groups for the three morphological characters evaluated.

The ERECTA (ER) family of genes, encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (RLK), influences complex morphological and physiological aspects of plants. Modulation of ER signaling leads to abiotic stress tolerance in diverse plant species. However, whether the gain in stress tolerance is accompanied with desirable agronomic performance is not clearly known. In this study, soybean plants potentially suppressed in ER signaling were evaluated for the phenotypic performance and drought response in the greenhouse. These plants expressed a dominant-negative Arabidopsis thaliana ER (AtER) called ΔKinase to suppress ER signaling, which has previously been linked with the tolerance to water deficit, a major limiting factor for plant growth and development, directly compromising agricultural production. With the aim to select agronomically superior plants as stress-tolerant lines, transgenic soybean plants were subjected to phenotypic selection and subsequently to water stress analysis. This study found a strong inverse correlation of ΔKinase expression with the agronomic performance of soybean plants, indicating detrimental effects of expressing ΔKinase that presumably led to the suppression of ER signaling. Two lines were identified that showed favorable agronomic traits and expression of ΔKinase gene, although at lower levels compared with the rest of the transgenic lines. The drought stress analysis on the progenies of these lines, however, showed that these plants were more susceptible to water-deficit stress as compared with the non-transgenic controls. The selected transgenic plants showed greater stomata density and conductance, which potentially led to higher biomass, and consequently more water demand and greater susceptibility to the periods of water withholding.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre a força de tração (FT) na haste sulcadora de adubo e o volume de solo mobilizado na linha de semeadura em função da quantidade de resíduos, do tráfego de rodados de trator e da profundidade de sulcamento, e sua influência sobre a performance agronômica da soja. Os tratamentos englobaram seis doses de resíduos culturais (DR), duas profundidades de trabalho das hastes sulcadoras (PT) e duas condições de tráfego - com e sem tráfego de rodados de trator -, em blocos ao acaso e parcelas subsubdivididas. Os tratamentos foram aplicados com e sem irrigação, em Argissolo Vermelho, sob plantio direto. As diferentes PT e condições de tráfego influenciaram significativamente a FT. Independentemente da condição de irrigação, as DR não influenciaram a produtividade de grãos e a massa seca da parte aérea da soja. Sem irrigação, a produtividade da soja aumentou em 180 kg ha-1 quando a PT passou de 0,064 para 0,10 m, o que demonstra que a aplicação do fertilizante a profundidades maiores é uma prática viável para diminuir os efeitos da seca sobre a cultura.

Effect of coffee drinking on cell proliferation in rat urinary bladder epithelium

Host reaction to a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] strain of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV‐S) was studied at Experiment, Georgia, in 1968 and 1969. Symptoms in soybean cultivar ‘Davis’ were leaf mottling with light and dark green areas, reduced plant height and vigor, slightly crinkled leaves, and a tendency for leaves to be abnormally upright. Yields from inoculated plants were reduced 20 and 31% in 1968 and 1969, respectively. Seed quality was reduced in 1968 and seed weight in 1969. Inoculation of 18 resistant cultivars produced only local necrotic lesions, whereas seven susceptible cultivars exhibited systematic mottling. One cultivar exhibited veinal necrosis.

There has been a major effort to produce soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines with modified fatty acid profiles in order to improve quality and develop new uses for soybean oil. Utilization of the lines depends on their agronomic traits and stability of the fatty acid profiles in diverse environments. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the influence of years and locations on the fatty acid composition of soybean genotypes with unique fatty acid profiles, (ii) determine which fatty acids and fatty acid profiles are the most stable, and (iii) evaluate agronomic and seed quality traits of mutant soybean lines. Genotypes were evaluated over three years (1996, 1997, and 1998) at four locations in Southern Ontario, Canada. Year effects had the largest impact on all fatty acid levels. Location effects were significant only for oleic and linolenic acids. Genotype x year interaction effect was significant for all fatty acids whereas genotype x location and genotype x year x location interaction effects were significant only for oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Mutants with reduced or elevated palmitic, elevated oleic, or reduced linolenic acid concentrations exhibited average or higher stability than lines with normal levels of these fatty acids. Therefore, these lines may be suitable for growing in a wide range of environments. Maturity, plant height, lodging, seed size, and seed quality were significantly different between mutants and cultivars. Seed yield was significantly reduced in mutants compared to cultivars.

Soil salinity has enormous negative impact on crop productivity leading to food insecurity and malnutrition, especially in arid regions. A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effects of various N fertilization rates in combination with Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation on the agronomic perfor-mance of soybean (Glycine max L) in saline soils (EC 5.8 dS m-1). The following fertilization treatments were applied: no fertilization (control), N0Р90К60, N30Р90К60, N60Р90К60 individually and in tandem with B. japonicum as a seed bio-inoculant. The experiment in a split-plot design, N fertilization as the main plot, the seed inoculation as the sub-plot was set up in three replicates. Soybean growth, nutrients uptake and yield parameters increased with increasing N fertili-zation rate, however, the effect was more pronounced with the seed inoculation. Averaged over the cropping seasons, the soybean yield was higher by 20.4%, 19.0%, 34.1% and 6.1% in the inoculated treatments of no-fertlization, N0Р90К60, N30Р90К60, N60Р90К60, respectively as compared to the similar fertilization treatments without the seed inoculation. As a result, fertilization rate of N30Р90К60 in with association B. japonicum inoculation was recommended as this study outcome due to the high soybean yield and quality seeds as the crucial components of sustainable agricultural production under salt-stressed field conditions.