AGRICULTURE AS A POSSIBLE WAY FOR SUSTAINABLE DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT IN BULGARIA

With the implementation of the policy of expanding domestic demand,farmers have become the main body of rural economy and rural industrialization.Development of rural industrialization promotes the development of rural economy in China,effectively transfers the surplus labor force in rural areas,continuously optimizes the rural economic structure,improves the living standard of farmers,and has made important contributions to the stability and development of economy and society in China.This paper introduces the connotation of rural industrialization,classifies it into three modes according to the farmer's investment and economic development,such as exogenous model of rural industrialization,endogenous model of rural industrialization and integrated model of rural industrialization.Though rural industrialization has obtained great achievements,there are still some problems restricting the development of rural economy in China.For instance,cognitive bias leads to the slow pace of rural industrialization;rural industry develops rapidly but its efficiency is low;intensive degree of economic growth is still very low;ability of independent innovation is weak;there are obvious contradiction between the constraints of resource and environment and the acceleration of industrialization;and development gap between regions has further widened.Therefore,policy suggestions are put forward.Firstly,continue to strengthen policy support.Secondly,take a new road of rural industrialization.Thirdly,strengthen the construction of human resources in rural areas.Fourthly,actively guide the investment behavior of farmers.And finally,support the specialty cooperative of farmers and the leading enterprises,which has certain reference significance to enhance agricultural benefit,farmers' income,rural development and modern agriculture.

This study was carried out to access farmer’s contribution to Agriculture in Rural Development of Fufore LGA of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Seven wards within the LGA were selected (Ribadu, Gurin, Farang, Mayo-ine, Pariya, Karlahi and Yadim). Thirty (30) questionnaires were randomly distributed to the household in each ward selected through multi-state random sampling technique as primary data. A total of Two Hundred and Ten (210) farmers were selected for the study. Data were analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics and multiple regression models. Results show that Age, Marital status, Farm size, Family size, Education level have percentage ranging from 10-28.6, 13.3-31, 4-69, 5.2-31 and 15.2-37.6% respectively while Primary occupation, Access to credit, Number of extension visit and farm income percentage values ranged from 3.8-43.9, 15.7-25.7, 5.7-53.4 and 8.1-35.7% respectively. The result further shows that the majority of the respondents are still in their youthful stage and 31% of them were married. The study further reveals that 69% of the respondents cultivate on 1-5 hectares of land, the result of the multiple regression analysis indicates that farm size was negative and significant at 5% level; Education level has a positive coefficient and significant at 1% level while access to credit coefficient was positive and significant at 5% level. The findings of the regression equation determine the manner towards farmer’s contribution to agriculture in rural development and examine the constraints militating farmer’s contributions to agriculture in the study area. Cob-Douglas function with R­2 value of 0.813 was chosen as the lead equation. Low price of farm output poor extension visits, market distance, is some of the major problems affecting the contribution of agriculture to the development of the study area. It was therefore recommended that there is need to train and provide farming equipment’s, agricultural credit should also provide the needed environment to foster rural development facilities in Fufore Local Government Area of Adamawa State.

The aims of this paper are to study the effects of European policies regarding the rural development on the different structure of farms and socio-economic characteristics of in the region of objective 1 in Southern Italy. The analysis the differences and the sensitivity of the several provinces of objective 1 regions to the financial support of rural development policies (FEOGA). In the paper we utilised the Principal Components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis to define the main homogeneous areas at province level (NUTS 3) for the regions of objective 1. Then we computed the sensitive analysis to evaluate the effects of future European rural development policies in farm structures, rural development and environment. The results show the strong divergence between the growth of Nuts-3 provinces in the South of Italy and the effects of European policies of rural development.

Rural poverty is major issue faced by developing agrarian countries. It is likely that problem of rural poverty is accompanied by environmental degradation in rural areas. This is because of unique relationship between rural poverty and environmental degradation. This paper tries to raise the problem of poverty and the environment in rural areas. Some cases of poverty level and environmental problem in Asian countries are used to describe the linkage between them. The role of agriculture in rural development is explored. It is for showing that agriculture leads to depletion of rural resources and degradation of rural environment. Last, a solution is propose d that built on theoretical frame work based on microeconomic theory. It is likely that rural development can be conducted with simultaneous actions of poverty alleviation and environmental improvement. One important key to realize this concept is that rural residents need to pay attention on the environment.

Abstarct: For the Balkan countries, the agricultural sector and rural development are of great importance, primarily because they are ensuring food security of the population, and then, also, because they have effects on employment, the creation of total gross value as well as on the foreign trade. Having in mind open processes of joining the European Union in these countries, with a special focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina, the implementation of the EU policies and practices will represent both a challenge and an opportunity for the development of the state and the improvement of its position in the single European market. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with a distinct rural character, with over 50% of the rural population, where every third household acquires some kind of income from agriculture, and which is currently facing a number of problems when rural development is concerned (from insufficient investments, uncompetitive production, inefficient administration, abandonment of rural areas, failure to use EU funds, etc.). Nevertheless, with adequate policies and dynamic approach to the agricultural sector, and strategy for increasing competitiveness and attracting investment, the potential of Bosnia and Herzegovina's agriculture could be used and exploited, and the country could go towards progress and success. Therefore, this paper explores and analyzes the European Union's common policies, as well as the ways and means of their implementation in the Balkan region countries, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then, the paper points the importance and necessity of investing in rural development (infrastructure, mechanization, marketing, agro-environmental measures, etc.), and provides guidelines on how to modernize and reconstruct the agricultural sector, in order to increase the country's competitiveness and reduce the long-standing trade deficit in this area, and, at last, how to effectively approach to the European Union with harmonization of legislation and the use of development plan. The agricultural sector and the overall modernization of rural communities, with a clear vision, and with increasing employment, economic growth and competitiveness, can become the cornerstone of the development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a key factor of its inclusion in the European and the world trends. Keywords: EU common agricultural policy, agriculture, rural development, competitiveness. JEL Classification: Q17, Q18, O13, 018

從「農村發展政策」的歷史結構鑲嵌及其發展脈絡進行政經分析，台灣的農村發展在國家機關採取「汲取性農業政策」主導下，農業的資源、農地的利用與農村的勞力，都被用來作為發展國家經濟，以及供應都會發展之需；而作為農業發展及農民生活主體的「農村」，長期被忽略與犧牲，以致於農村社會的建設嚴重的落後與不足。 扁政府與馬政府都分別提出「農村發展政策」，但不同政黨所研擬的草案，會隱含不同的政策目標與不同的偏差動員。「農改條例草案」與「農再條例草案」都是經由總統親自指示推動辦理，再交由其重要幕僚擘劃研擬；總統還必須親自與反對者溝通，而顯示農村政策的複雜政治性與高度爭議性。 「農村改建條例草案」編列基金一千億元，另外「農村再生條例草案」基金卻被立委加碼至二千億元，預算變成民進黨版的2倍；兩者都是以全國4,000個農村進行更新改造工作，但預算卻完全不同。「農改條例草案」由內政部主政、「農再條例草案」則由農委會負責，不同主辦機關的政策執行能力完全不同，其對農村未來的發展也必然不同。「農改條例草案」的第四章「田園社區之開發」與「農再條例草案」第三章的「農村土地活化」，都是外界持較多反對意見的部分；這兩章都涉及土地開發的利益問題，以致於讓外界高度質疑政策推動之真正目的。 「農村發展政策」必須考慮農業「三生功能」，更須配合「國土空間規劃」與「縣市合併改制」等國家整體發展政策，並作前瞻創新的規劃，農村才會有美好的發展遠景。

The rural development become at present more a more a global priority which is considered to be more than a simple rural policy. The starting point of our analysis is the European model and the American model for the rural development. Another part of the article is focused on European Union (EU) rural development policy 2007-2013 and on supporting the implementation of its strategies and programs. It can be said that the Small and Medium Enterprises sector is the key of “the triple” of the rural durable development: economic, social, environment. Therefore in our paper we analyze the evolutions from the Romanian sector of SMEs, especially the rural SMEs, in comparison with the situation from EU countries, taking into consideration the requirements of a rural durable development. In this context, a major role in the Romanian rural development is played by the investment and financing, including the structural European funds.

Tanzania, like many developing countries has its share of problems associated with developing its rural sector where the majority of its population lives. Since independence, the government of Tanzania has proclaimed the development of the rural sector the cornerstone of the country's development strategy. A number of approaches have been tried in Tanzania. Some of them abolished and then re-established in an effort to pave a smooth road towards rural development through improved agricultural performance and provision of essential social services. Besides the provision of social services such as clean water, schools and dispensaries to about half of the rural population by 1982, none of the approaches has led to the anticipated transformation of production structures and productivity of the rural sector. Thus, an analysis of the approaches taken will attempt to identify those areas which need strengthening or further study to improve the performance of the rural sector. The principle aim of this paper is to provide some insights into the rural development policies and operations put into practice by the government of Tanzania since independence and discuss their success and/or failures. The specific objectives of this study are the following: (1) to identify the major constraints to rural development; (2) to identify and describe rural development policies implemented in Tanzania and evaluate their impact on agricultural development, farmers' participation in communal production activities, and the availability of social services to rural people; and (3) to draw some lessons from Tanzania's experience in rural development which may be useful for future policy action in Tanzania, as well as for rural development in Africa.

Most sub-Saharan African leaders seem to misunderstand the development concepts or ideas by embracing the African socialist system as a path of economic development. The leaders focused on strong nationalist sentiments and economy of affection and neglected the rural development, a sine qua none condition of economic growth and development in Africa. This study defines the development concepts and different economic systems, analyzes the relationship between governance, leadership and development, describes the common characteristics of African economies, and puts forward a view on the developmental policies that might address the development challenges of the region. African policy makers should recognize the failed policies of the past and be attentive to agricultural and rural development ideas in their economic development process.

This bibliometric review investigates the scholarly landscape of sustainable agriculture in the context of rural development, spanning from 1986 to 2024. With a comprehensive analysis of 980 publications, the study examines key themes, influential works, and emerging trends in the field. Through bibliometric techniques such as co-citation analysis and network visualization, the research identifies clusters of research topics, including technological advancements, social dimensions, economic impacts, and environmental considerations. Notable contributions by influential authors are highlighted, shedding light on critical issues such as rural livelihoods, participatory approaches, and alternative food networks. Furthermore, the study provides insights into the evolution of research interests over time, revealing emerging areas for future exploration. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable agriculture's role in rural development and offer valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to promote sustainable practices and enhance rural well-being.

Fostering higher levels of economic activity in rural regions constitutes an important policy challenge for most OECD countries. While some rural regions have higher than average growth rates, most grow at slower rates than the majority of urban regions. Because rural regions are structurally different from urban regions and face important distance and density challenges, the OECD has, over time, developed an approach to national rural policy that recognizes the distinctive features of rural areas. The specific policy approach has evolved in response to three main sets of forces. The first reflect the internal workings of the OECD, which dictate how policy problems are analyzed and establish the institutional framework. The second set reflects the changing interests of the member countries who provide funding in return for specific types of analysis preformed by the OECD Rural Programme. The third set can be thought of as forces of evolution. Over time, as the OECD conducted specific pieces of analysis on rural territories a learning process occurred. Each region provided new information, and the aggregated pieces of individual information provided an opportunity for broader syntheses. Because the work has extended over a long period of time and across multiple member countries, it provides a unique perspective on rural development in advanced economies. While the approach is not a theory of rural development, it does provide useful guidance for developing an implementing territory specific rural policy.

The prospects of digital infrastructure in promoting rural economic growth and development are by and large immense. The paper found that rural development is considerably important for economic development and for achievement of sustainable livelihoods that increases people’s ability to achieve good health and wellbeing that enable the achievement of sustainable development. The paper found that digital imbalance and digital illiteracy in the rural areas hinder implementation of digital infrastructure to lead to rural economic growth. Digital infrastructure is the source of economic opportunities that enables local people in the rural areas to be more creative in achieving development success. It enables them to have a unique sense of place and fashioning of vibrant economic and financial opportunities that ensure the achievement of sustainable rural economic development. However, the paper found that the application of digital infrastructure to South Africa’s rural areas in the bid to promote rural economic growth has been hindered by factors like the digital divide, financial constraints, digital illiteracy and the failure to own a smart phone. These factors hinder digital infrastructure from leading to sustainable rural economic development and growth. The paper used secondary data gathered from existing literature. The use of qualitative research methodology and document and content analysis techniques became vital in the process of collecting and analyzing collected data.

The world face issues such as the environment and food, the development of agriculture is also the future focus On Global Climate Change. But Taiwan's agricultural development strategy did not respond to future trends. In recent years, the farmland build farmhouse or collective farmhouses, can't at the same time take care of agriculture and rural development, therefore become land speculation the farmland. In this case, Government to introduce new the ”Rural regeneration Act”, to solve the old rural issues，But bad planning program not sustainable and can't having regard to agricultural development from rural. Rural and Agricultural, need for holistic planning concept, and into the ecological thinking, to sustainable rural and agricultural. This study, the concept of eco-villages as rural planning policy direction. An application for “Satiau Village and Sanzun Village Sinzhou Township Changhua County” rural area. Real base simulation planning project, this thesis is divided into two parts, as follows: The first part of the finishing on agricultural land policy issues and relevant laws and regulations in rural areas, and collect information about the eco-village planning concepts, from sorting out the general principles and the context as a generic model. Rural communities in agricultural land policy planning, through researcher field investigation, the from actual rural context in sorting out the principles of the eco-village concept in local mode into practical application, as “Satiaozun village” rural settlement planning operation basis. The second part to assume that the simulation rural ecological community planning, re-integration of the villages within the land reuse. Hope to explore it meets the ground mode of operation planning program, and rural regeneration development direction, further discussion of the possibility of their practice. Policy issues to submit response strategies, and the implementation of the eco-village concept after finishing in the actual geographic environment ,the conditional to regulate drawing surface rendering, as a reflection of the future sustainable development of rural planning.

Rural development refers to improving the quality of life and financial well-being of individuals living in remote areas.To achieve sustainable rural development, meet three criteria: economically viable, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. Fish farming plays an important role in rural development.Fish farming is crucial for meeting the increasing demand for seafood and makes a significant contribution to global food security.Integrating fish farming into rural development strategies presents a comprehensive approach that addresses immediate economic and nutritional needs and lays the foundation for resilient, self-sufficient communities with a vested interest in environmental conservation. This paper explores the impact of fish farming on rural economic growth and development. The study relies on both primary and secondary data. The statistical tool used for the study is regression analysis. The study revealed that fish farming can make a more positive impact on rural economic development.

“Digital villages construction” and “high-quality economic development” are both key topics to the sustainable development in China. Chinese has attached great importance to agriculture and rural development in recent years, thus exploring the connections between the two topics from a rural perspective is of practical importance. This paper aims to see if there is a connection between digital village construction and high-quality economic development, and how the digital village construction accelerates the high-quality development of the rural economy. After building the index system, this paper evaluates present development level of digitalization and high-quality economy in rural areas by the Entropy Weight TOPSIS method and empirically tests the direct and indirect effect of rural digital construction on the high-quality rural economic development relatively based on the fixed effect model and the mediation effect model. To study deeply, four major regions and five influence paths are analyzed, respectively. The results show that there is a positive correlation between the construction of digital villages and the high-quality development of rural economy. Meanwhile, the entrepreneurial activity of digital industries is a crucial mechanism for digital villages construction to promote the high-quality development of rural economy. This paper innovatively builds relevant index systems and analyzes the transmission mechanism of digitalization to high-quality development from a rural perspective, though it analyzes at the provincial level, which is less specific. Overall, it will be beneficial for economics researchers who study digital economy and rural development and policy makers who give counsel for economic development.