Agricultural Transportation in Poland

Under the requirements for high-quality development, the coordinated promotion of agricultural carbon emission reduction and agricultural product supply guarantee in China is crucial to hold the bottom line of national food security as well as promote agricultural green transformation and development. Based on such situation, from the perspective of decoupling effect, driving factors and the prediction, this paper uses panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020, takes the carbon emission formula, the “two-stage rolling” Tapio decoupling elasticity coefficient method, the spatial Durbin model and the Grey model optimized by the Simpson formula background value to quantify the relationship between agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply, analyze the driving effects of agricultural carbon emission reduction and agricultural product increase, and predict the decoupling state of agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply between 2021 and 2025, so as to draw a scientific basis that is conducive to the coordinated promotion of agricultural carbon emission reduction and agricultural product supply guarantee in China. The result shows that: (1) The decoupling state of agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply shows generally “the eastern and central regions are better than the western regions” in China, and the decoupling state has improved significantly year by year. Green technology innovation (GTI), agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply in China have significant spatial differences and spatial auto-correlation, which shows the spatial factors cannot be ignored; (2) Green technology innovation and agricultural carbon emission in local and adjacent provinces are both in an inverted “U-shaped” relationship, meaning that high level green technology innovation is an effective way to reduce carbon emission. Though green technology innovation and agricultural product supply in local and adjacent provinces are both in a positive “U-shaped” relationship, but the minimum value of lnGTI is greater than 0, which indicates that current level of green technology has been raised to a certain level, effectively improving the output of agricultural products; (3) Compared with those in 2016–2020 in China, it is projected that in 2021–2025 the decoupling state of agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply will be improved significantly, and the provinces below the optimal state will leave the extremely unreasonable strong negative decoupling state, mainly show recessionary decoupling and recessionary connection. Our findings provide Chinese decision-makers with corresponding references to formulate accountable and scientific regional policies in order to achieve high-quality development of agriculture and realize “Double carbon” target in China.

Understanding the influence of COVID-19 on China's agricultural economy and the Chinese government's emergency measures to ease the economic impacts of viral spread can offer urgently-needed lessons while this virus continues to spread across the globe. Thus, this study collected over 750,000 words upon the topic of COVID-19 and agriculture from the largest two media channels in China: WeChat and Sina Weibo, and employed web crawler technology and text mining method to explore the influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and mitigation measures in China. The results show that: (1) the impact of COVID-19 on China's agricultural economy at the very first phase is mainly reflected in eight aspects as crop production, agricultural products supply, livestock production, farmers' income and employment, economic crop development, agricultural products sales model, leisure agriculture development, and agricultural products trade. (2) The government's immediate countermeasures include resuming agricultural production and farmers' work, providing financial support, stabilizing agricultural production and products supply, promoting agricultural products sale, providing subsidies, providing agricultural technology guidance and field management, and providing assistance to poor farmers to reduce poverty. (3) The order of government's immediate countermeasures is not all in line with the order of impact aspects, which indicates that more-tailored policies should be implemented to mitigate the strikes of COVID-19 on China's agricultural economy in the future.

Sensitive zone of global climate change has been formed in China, and it has become a hot topic how can agriculture ensure food security and the supply of important agricultural products while achieving the “Dual Carbon” goal in the country. Based on such background, this paper uses the IPCC carbon emission calculation method, environmental input-output model and economic-water-carbon coefficient method to measure agricultural net carbon emissions, adopts bivariate spatial auto-correlation analysis and SYS-GMM to explore separately the relationship between agricultural net carbon emissions and effective supply of agricultural products, as well as the carbon reduction effect, growth effect and reasonable range of green technology innovation. The results show that: (1) China's agricultural net carbon emissions reveal a spatial distribution of “higher in the east than in the west than in the center” and a temporal characteristic of increasing year by year; China's effective supply of agricultural products shows an increasing trend and a spatial distribution of “higher in the east than in the center than in the west” in 2006–2012 and “higher in the east than in the west than in the center” in 2013–2020. (2) In 2006, 2010, 2015 and 2020, the number of provinces that belong to low-low agglomeration trade-off zone, low-high agglomeration synergy zone, non-significant zone, high-low agglomeration non-trade-off-synergy zone and high-high agglomeration trade-off zone averagely accounted for 12.500 %, 30.000 %, 26.667 %, 9.167 % and 21.667 % of the totality, respectively. (3) The carbon reduction and production growth effects of green technology innovation both show an inverted “U-shape”, and green technology innovation is conducive to both reducing agricultural net carbon emissions and improving supply of agricultural products when it is within a reasonable range of greater than 0.930. (4) Green technology innovation not only has significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity impact, but also exhibits a differential effect on productive agricultural carbon emissions, agricultural trade carbon emissions, agricultural carbon sinks, total output of agricultural products and agricultural net imports in international trade. Therefore, it is proposed that China should establish and improve green technology innovation incubation platforms, guide all participants to ensure the investment and application of green technology products within a reasonable range, formulate and implement regional differential policies and plan in accordance with local conditions, drive ultimately coordinated promotion of agricultural carbon emission reduction and product supply guarantee and lay an important foundation for achieving high-quality economic development and efficient ecological protection.

Ensuring the balance between supply and demand of agricultural products and keeping the basic price of agricultural products are the preconditions of reducing market fluctuation. According to the situation of production and supply of agricultural products and price fluctuation of agricultural products market in Inner Mongolia and Xing’an League, this paper condenses the primal problems existing in the agricultural products market in Inner Mongolia, studies the causes of these problems, makes overall plans for the structural reform of the supply side of agricultural products at present and in the future, in an effort to put forward reasonable countermeasures and suggestions for realizing effective docking of production and marketing of agricultural products and reasonable price fluctuation

The agricultural sector, indispensable in meeting the increasing demand for food, is the main user of natural resources. Agricultural production breeds significant environmental impacts and problems both within and outside farms or agricultural holdings. This situation increases the sensitivity of the agriculture to the risks that can cause serious economic losses. Thus, unless measures are taken to solve the environmental problems arising from agricultural production, the sustainability of agricultural production and food supply even less the achievement of food and agriculture-related sustainable development goals can be seriously threatened. However, these risks and losses can be mitigated through policy reform, institutional and technological innovations. In West Africa, more than 40% of water and land resources are used for agricultural production. This makes agro-environment relations more important. This study has been carried out to reveal the major agro-environmental challenge in West Africa and to examine the current approaches and policies applied to solve these problems. In the study, data obtained from FAO agro-environmental indicators database were used as the main material. In this study, using a research methodology subdivided into two stages, the effects of agricultural activities on the environment were examined, analyzed and interpreted by comparing the agro-environmental profiles of West African countries with other OECD countries based on agro-environmental indicators. Agro-environmental policies applied to resolve agro-environmental problems in West African countries were reviewed and recommendations for sustainable agro-environmental management and also a more efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural sector were formulated for sustainable agriculture and food supply.

Our national data and infrastructure security issues affecting the “bioeconomy” are evolving rapidly. Simultaneously, the conversation about cyber security of the U.S. food and agricultural system (cyber biosecurity) is incomplete and disjointed. The food and agricultural production sectors influence over 20% of the nation's economy ($6.7T) and 15% of U.S. employment (43.3M jobs). The food and agricultural sectors are immensely diverse and they require advanced technologies and efficiencies that rely on computer technologies, big data, cloud-based data storage, and internet accessibility. There is a critical need to safeguard the cyber biosecurity of our bio economy, but currently protections are minimal and do not broadly exist across the food and agricultural system. Using the food safety management Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system concept as an introductory point of reference, we identify important features in broad food and agricultural production and food systems: dairy, food animals, row crops, fruits and vegetables, and environmental resources (water). This analysis explores the relevant concepts of cyber biosecurity from food production to the end product user (such as the consumer) and considers the integration of diverse transportation, supplier, and retailer networks. We describe common challenges and unique barriers across these systems and recommend solutions to advance the role of cyber biosecurity in the food and agricultural sectors.

Introduction. The resource potential of Ukraine in the formation of supply of high quality agricultural products gives grounds to assert its importance in the world market. The purpose of the paper is explores the question the current state and prospects for the development of the legal framework for the organization of exchange trade in agricultural products in Ukraine. Laws, regulations, concepts related to exchange activities are considered. Results. The author defines the concepts, types and features of the organization and functioning of commodity exchanges in Ukraine; found out the benefits of stock trading; the agrarian exchange isdistinguished and characterized. The article analyzes the actsof economic legislation in the sphere of regulation of the stock exchange trade in agricultural products in Ukraine, identifies its main shortcomings and gaps. The development and place of the agrarian exchange among domestic commodity exchanges are analyzed, the main reasons of inefficient functioning of the agrarian exchange are revealed and concrete measures for overcoming inefficient functioning of the agrarian market are offered. The main task of agricultural exchanges is to provide services in concluding exchange agreements on agricultural products, identifying commodity prices, demand and supply of agricultural products. It is substantiated that with the help of the exchange trade mechanism conditions are created for the formation of the fairest market price for agricultural products, which determines the prospects of the exchange trade mechanism in Ukraine and the world. Conclusion. The analysis of the current state of legal regulation and the system of organization of exchange trading in agricultural products in Ukraine leads to a conclusion that in Ukraine at the present stage of development there is no proper system for the organization of stock exchange trading in agricultural products, which is caused by the shortcomings of the economic legislation in the field of legal regulation of stock exchange trade in agricultural products in Ukraine systematic legal mechanism and insufficient efficiency of stock exchange infrastructure. The article presents the necessity of elaboration of the state concept of development of exchange trading in agricultural products in Ukraine, expansion of exchange infrastructure, introduction of electronic system of exchange trading, further development of Ukraine and integration to the world financial system.

Impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems in Pacific Island countries (PICs): Evidence from communities in Fiji and Solomon Islands

This study aims to provide information on the relationship between earthquake disasters, demographic structure, and the agricultural sector in Türkiye. Natural disasters such as earthquakes bring many social and economic consequences. These include changes in population structure and damage to agricultural systems. Agriculture is one of the sectors most affected by these disasters. Earthquakes can cause damage to agricultural infrastructure, livestock production, cultivated lands, and food supply chains. Additionally, the agriculture-based industry, especially food and textile sectors, may also be negatively affected. In countries where agriculture contributes significantly to national income, disasters can slow economic growth and rural development. In this study, several major earthquakes (magnitude ≥ 6.9) in Türkiye were evaluated in terms of their impacts on population and agricultural indicators. Simple and chain index calculations were made, and the Spearman rank correlation method was used to analyze the relationship between demographic changes and agricultural variables such as livestock numbers and crop production. The results show that there are strong positive correlations between population and indicators like cereals, fruits, and vegetables. It was found that earthquakes cause temporary or permanent migrations and disruptions in agricultural productivity. In addition, severe damage to rural infrastructure and livestock shelters were observed. The effect of public support and recovery efforts after the earthquakes was also evaluated. In conclusion, this study reveals that earthquakes significantly affect Türkiye’s agricultural sector and rural population. The findings emphasize the need to develop integrated rural and agricultural policies that consider disaster risks. This research can provide insight for future planning in food security and disaster resilience.

There has been much research and various attempts to apply new IoT technology to agricultural areas. However, IoT for the agriculture should be considered differently against the same areas such as industrial, logistics. This paper presents the IoT-based agricultural production system for stabilizing supply and demand of agricultural products while developing the environment sensors and prediction system for the growth and production amount of crops by gathering its environmental information. Currently, the demand by consumption of agricultural products could be predicted quantitatively, however, the variation of harvest and production by the change of farm's cultivated area, weather change, disease and insect damage etc. could not be predicted, so that the supply and demand of agricultural products has not been controlled properly. To overcome it, this paper designed the IoT-based monitoring system to analyze crop environment, and the method to improve the efficiency of decision making by analyzing harvest statistics. Therefore, this paper developed the decision support system to forecast agricultural production using IoT sensors. This system was also a unified system that supports the processes sowing seeds through selling agricultural products to consumers. 3 Corresponding author The IoT-based agricultural production system through correlation analysis between the crop statistical information and agricultural environment information has enhanced the ability of farmers, researchers, and government officials to analyze current conditions and predict future harvest. Additionally, agricultural products quality can be improved because farmers observe whole cycle from seeding to selling using this IoT-based decision support system.

The coastal area in Bangladesh constitutes about 32 % of the country. This one-third of the country’s land is recognized as a zone subject to intensive human use. Land use in the coastal Bangladesh is diverse, competitive, and conflicting. Over the last half-century, coastal land uses of Bangladesh have gone through major changes. Since the 1950s natural disasters like cyclone and tidal flooding, salinity intrusion, large-scale polderization, and intensive shrimp farming have changed the whole coastal area of Bangladesh. Especially, these changes are prominent in the southwestern coastal belt. Consequently these changes in coastal land uses have induced significant impacts on agriculture, crop production, food and water supply, and livelihood of southwestern coastal community. This paper is an attempt to conduct a trend analysis of coastal land use changes in Bangladesh. It highlights the responsible factors behind the coastal land use changes. Further, it examines the impact of coastal land use changes in agricultural production, food, and water supply.

Insufficient agricultural land and a high vacancy rate in industrial buildings are important problems facing Hong Kong. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether industrial buildings are suitable as agricultural spaces and to formulate corresponding utilization strategies to promote agricultural production and food supply in Hong Kong. Research objects include industrial building space and hydroponic agricultural space. This paper used literature research and field research as the main research tools to collect relevant information on the utilization potential of industrial buildings and hydroponic agriculture. In addition, research data are derived from literature studies and surveying data, which provide detailed information about the industrial building structure and surrounding environment to better assess its suitability and feasibility. This research concludes that industrial buildings are potentially suitable for use in agricultural spaces, especially hydroponic agriculture. Its internal structure and environmental conditions can support agricultural production and effectively use vacant industrial building space to expand the scale of agricultural production. Regarding utilization strategies, this study recommends using recycling systems and related technologies, such as hydroponic systems and LED lighting, to transform industrial buildings internally to create farming communities. This will help make agricultural production more efficient and sustainable while providing cities with a fresh supply of produce.

With the development of the market, the traditional production and circulation mode of agricultural products can no longer meet the requirements of market informatization and supply chain development. Therefore, it is necessary to study a new production and circulation method of agricultural products to solve the problems caused by traditional methods. We build an innovation system for agricultural product supply chains led by big data service providers, integrating agricultural product supply chain resources, reducing agricultural product circulation links, reducing costs, achieving agricultural product traceability, and ensuring agricultural product quality and safety. Based on this, this article proposes an agricultural product supply chain model based on an integrated management platform, and conducts in-depth research on the logistics operation logic of agricultural product supply chain to provide theoretical basis and data support for the design and development of the management platform.

Historical experience shows that the people’s happiness index is highly correlated with the development of agriculture. The prosperity of agriculture and industrial production has also brought most people into a well-off life. Since the innovation of agricultural production equipment and concepts, the efficiency of agricultural production in my country has also been greatly improved compared to before the reform and opening up. In the era when robots will gradually become mainstream work machinery tools, the production efficiency and supply of agricultural products will become the focus of attention of the people of all countries. In such a general environment, the competition between agricultural products markets is no longer solely based on the competitiveness of agricultural products but also depends on the advantages of the agricultural supply chain to win. This article analyzes the construction of the sustainable operation mechanism of the agricultural supply chain in the context of wireless communication and the Internet of Things. First, the method of literature research is used to explain the characteristics of the agricultural supply chain and the problems existing in the development of the current agricultural supply chain model in the context of wireless communication and the Internet of Things. Next, study the current situation of the sustainability mechanism of the agricultural supply chain, and finally optimize the construction of the sustainability mechanism of the agricultural supply chain products based on the research results. According to the survey results, the main problem with the current mechanism of the agricultural product supply chain at this stage is that the logistics information technology is difficult to update in time, accounting for about 44%, followed by the lack of effective monitoring methods, accounting for about 34%.

Pacific Island Countries (Kiribati, Fiji, Samoa, and many others) rely on fisheries and agricultural systems for their livelihood and economic development. However, the COVID-19 scenario has led to vast degradation in the agriculture supply, economy, and food security system, resulting in poverty, an increase of unemployment percentage, and a decrease in the tourism industry. The policies related to COVID-19 restrictions, such as lockdowns, access to markets and social distancing, has caused a high reduction in the income of many households. Food purchasing from vendor markets and supermarkets has decreased rapidly due to its prices. Several individuals cannot afford to buy the food items, leading to lower food supply within and outside the country. In addition, several people have been moving to rural areas due to Unemployment. They have started to perform backyard gardening small-scale farming, which again results in lower production of commercial farmers and loss of food supply to consumers. Not only Fiji, but the whole world is experiencing the same situations, which have led to the Government making innovative actions against this deadly virus to protect the citizens from this pandemic. FNPF withdrawals, farming packages, and other initiatives indulged by the Government of Fiji and other Pacific Countries are being discussed in this review. Countries have examined the effects of the Coronavirus on the agricultural system and food supply chain in Fiji and other Pacific nations.