Agricultura brasileira: uma observação do sub-setor de mercado interno

Urbanization is an expected tendency in the development of human and it has been recognized as one of the crucial element of advancement achieved in science and technology. Juba city like others has experienced a rapid urbanization after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 and is responsible for increased demand for land. Consequently, the limited available land in Juba city is associated with loss of arable land, degradation of ecosystems, as well as social changes in the urban populations. Urbanization can significantly change land use types and their associated ecosystem services. In the South Sudanese perspective, and due to the political situation, urban development is taking over agricultural lands, which is the main source for food production and the second backbone of the South Sudanese economy after crude oil. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of urbanization on agricultural land use in Juba city and to investigate factors that lead to this change. The specific objectives of this research study is to identify and highlight the major factors driving urbanization and the loss of agricultural land use in Juba city and to describe the spatial impacts of urbanization on agriculture by conducting qualitative interviews with the stakeholders in the city. The results revealed that Juba city had increased significantly along with an increase in urban population, a decrease in rural population, and an expansion of the overall urban area as well as loss of agricultural land use immediately after the signing of the CPA. The results agreed with the findings from the qualitative interviews, which supports that the economic situation, demographic factors, politics, planning and policies are the major factors that contribute to the urbanization and the loss of agricultural land use in Juba City.

Zimbabwe is becoming increasingly urbanized, and with this accelerating process comes a host of socio-economic challenges. Rapid urbanization process has resulted in increase urban food insecurity and malnutrition, especially on the side of tandem increase in urban poverty. Urban poverty and food shortage are taking root in Zimbabwe, as a result increased food production and access becomes critical to achieving major nutritional improvement and addressing food insecurity. In the face of urban food shortages, the present paradigm of rural food production cannot meet the challenges of the new millennium. It is hardly surprising that increasing umbers of urbanites are looking to grow their own food, if only to supplement their family food needs. Food is one of the basic needs and urban agriculture, both legal and illegal, has grown as a consequence of the difficult economic climate. Many urban households lack adequate amounts of foods that are rich in the nutrients needed for health and a productive life. It is against this background of increasing urban poverty that this discussion puts forward some suggestions for promoting urban agriculture. Urban agriculture has diverse economic, social and ecological functions and can be valued as one of the agricultural sectors having enormous potential to contribute to food security in Zimbabwe. In this discussion the role of urban agriculture in improving nutrition and food security is highlighted. Urban areas are becoming more 'modern' in their patterns of consumption than in their patterns of production, and there is a danger that the urban poor will become more and more marginalized while, at the other extreme, a small increasingly wealthy elite develops. The demand for food due to increased urbanization is predicted to grow faster than production resulting in a growing food deficit and insecurity in urban areas. Strategies which foster gender equality in urban food production will impact positively on food production, which may translate into expanded food production base to meet the needs of the growing urban dwellers, who are failing to make ends meet. This means participation of women in urban agriculture on the understanding that they are custodians of food production in many urban communities is recommended. However, challenges associated with urban agriculture need to be addressed to avoid land degradation and pollution in urban areas. Therefore, urban agriculture should be considered as a normal component of agriculture system and urban development, which has the capacity to improve nutrition and food security, as it lends itself to the majority of the urban poor. Greater and more sustained food production from urban agriculture will increase the potential access of the urban household to an adequate diet. It is envisaged that urban agriculture will be the new approach to satisfying urban food demands, however best provided incentives to urban farmers are credited by formulating policy fair to urban food producers. In the face of this bleak situation, major efforts are required to promote urban agriculture in addressing the nutritional needs and the perpetual food insecurity challenges in urban areas of Zimbabwe. On the other hand, given the economic, social and ecological advantages of urban farming it is arguably deserves even greater attention than before.

Success or failure in the sales process is determined by marketing activities, thus the role of marketing activities in a company is crucial. Three types of marketing occur in the sales process, namely internal marketing, external marketing, and interactive marketing. Internal marketing connects employees and banks, external marketing is the relationship between customers and banks, and interactive marketing is the relationship between employees and customers. This research aimed to examine the influence of internal marketing, external marketing, and interactive marketing on the decision-making of customers of Bank Mandiri in Bandung. A qualitative research method was implemented with multiple linear regression. Purposive sampling was employed, with the number of respondents reaching 400 people. The results of the study showed that internal marketing, external marketing, and interactive marketing variables have a simultaneous influence on the customer decision variable of 89.4 %.

This paper examines empirically two distinctions of internal and external markets: influence activities and strategic coordination. Influence activities that arise from decentralization, imperfect monitoring, and a relative performance system are a potential liability of internal markets, coordination may be worse in internal markets than in external markets. However, strategic coordination is an advantage of internal markets, a hierarchy can more effectively implement strategic policies in internal markets than external markets. The results of this study show that profit center managers engage in influence activities by haggling over price adjustments, causing greater renegotiation costs in internal markets than in comparable external markets. However, implementation of cost reduction, which is a strategic policy, appears to be more effective in internal markets the results show that supplying profit centers disclose more private cost information than external market suppliers. Thus cooperation and competition appear to operate simultaneously in internal markets. In addition, the results suggest that internal markets appear to undermine one advantage of a vertical integration strategy the creation of unique assets, as organizational resource that can generate rents. These results, which are based on data gathered from the internal and external markets of one Fortune 100 company, are exploratory and further work is needed to generalize the findings.

Assemblage Theory, Ecology and the Legacy of the Early Garden City

Feeding the city of Marseille has turned into a huge challenge as global food networks increase the fragile relations between urban residents and the surrounding rural territories. This contribution deals with the current situation of Marseille which is presented in matters of environmental challenges such as global warming and urbanization while these latter aspects enhance the necessity to reconsider the main food provisioning system. Supported by a three-year-long ethnographic study conducted on the Cours Julien farmers’ market, located in the city centre of Marseille, the paper also questions how citizens may succeed to revive local farmers’ markets on the urban scene and encourage bottom-up ecologization. Then, in a last part, standing on the fact that the farmers’ market hosts a French version of Community-supported agriculture (AMAP), links with the development of alternative food networks and short-chain production are analyzed as well as the help they can provide to redefine human-nature relations in our fast urbanizing society.

Urban Agriculture and Operational Mosquito Larvae Control:Mitigating Malaria Risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This research aims to investigate the effects of customer interaction (CUI), word of mouth (WOM), and re-purchase intention (REP) within a beauty clinic. This mixed-methods approach employed both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, utilizing semi-structured interviews and collecting and analyzing numerical data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the industry's trends, patterns, and statistical correlations. Among 416 consumers in beauty clinics, both internal marketing and external marketing had positive effects on CUI, with coefficients of 0.222 and 0.462, respectively. CUI also had positive effects on WOM and REP with coefficients of 0.666 and 0.640, respectively. Internal marketing, external marketing, and CUI, particularly WOM and REP, were the main marketing factors for beauty businesses.

علاوه بر تغییر‌اقلیم، تغییر‌کاربری‌اراضی به عنوان یک عامل جانبی اثرات مهمی بر سیلاب دارد. لذا پیش-بینی اثر این دو پارامتر بر وضعیت سیلاب دهه‌های آتی، راهگشای مقابله با این پدیده خواهد بود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر پیش‌بینی وضعیت هیدرولوژیکی حوزه آبخیز اسکندری در دهه آتی تحت اثر تغییر‌اقلیم و تغییر‌کاربری‌اراضی می‌باشد. جهت بررسی تغییرات اقلیمی دهه 2020، برونداد مدل HadCM3 تحت سناریوهای A2 و B1 توسط مدل LARS-WG ریزمقیاس گردید. پس از بررسی تغییرات کاربری-اراضی گذشته، دو سناریو جهت پیش‌بینی تغییرات آن در آینده طراحی شد. در انتها با تغییر هایتوگراف بارش و کاربری‌اراضی در مدلHEC-HMS که برای دوره گذشته کالیبره و اعتبارسنجی شده، اثر تغییر اقلیم و کاربری اراضی بر سیلاب منطقه مطالعاتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته شد. نتایج نشان دهنده افزایش 2/7 تا 9/10 درصدی بارش متوسط سالانه دهه 2020 می‌باشد. افزایش توأمان دمای حداقل و حداکثر منطقه مطالعاتی در تمامی ماه‌ها موجب افزایش 82/0 تا 02/1 درجه سانتی‌گرادی دمای متوسط سالانه خواهد شد. افزایش دبی اوج و حجم سیلاب در ماه‌های مارس، اکتبر و فوریه و کاهش آن در ماه آوریل پیش بینی شده است. به طوری که در صورت تغییر‌کاربری‌اراضی همراه با تغییر‌اقلیم این افزایش شدیدتر خواهد بود.

The conversion of rural land into urban soil in advanced economies has been extensively investigated, and has consequences which differ widely from those in poor economies, which have as yet received little attention, particularly in tropical Africa. Though Niger has the highest rate of urban growth in all of tropical Africa, it is also one of the countries that is poorest in terms of prime farmland, and has the world’s lowest per capita income. This paper investigates whether urbanization in the communaute urbaine of Niamey (the capital of Niger) generates or aggravates urban food insecurity. It first examines patterns in agro-pastoral production, demand for foodstuffs, and buying power. The paper then analyzes the characteristics of food insecurity, the measures taken to alleviate it, and the problems encountered in implementing these measures. It was found that Niamey’s high rate of urban growth has brought greater food insecurity for its inhabitants. However, the problem is not simply due to the loss of farmland (and hence of agricultural production) resulting from urban encroachment. Food insecurity is caused by a variety of other factors: the low productivity of peri-urban agriculture, insufficient influxes of provisions from neighboring areas, sharp increases in the demand for foodstuffs, increasing prices, extreme poverty, and a nutrient-poor diet. The measures that have been taken fail to strike at the roots of food insecurity, one of which is the uncertainty of land tenure. Niamey’s demographic increase is inevitable. If effective policies for increasing peri-urban agro-pastoral production are not put into place, food insecurity can only increase.

There has been much debate about the role of place of residence (rural vs. urban) on non-communicable disease outcomes but the potential pathways are relatively poorly quantified. This PhD explores the links between place of residence and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in rapidly urbanising India in three connected research papers. The first paper systematically reviewed the available published evidence on the associations of engaging in agriculture with CVD incidence and prevalence and CVD risk factors in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The review included 15 observational studies, and high-quality evidence was lacking. Thirteen studies from five LMICs suggested that agricultural workers living in rural areas had a lower prevalence of some important CVD risk factors (hypertension and high body mass index [BMI]) but higher prevalence of others (smoking and underweight) than non-agricultural workers mainly living in urban areas. Building on these initial findings, the second paper estimated the association of urbanisation level with a range of CVD risk factors using data from the third wave of the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study (APCAPS) (n=6236). Remote sensing night-time light intensity (NTLI) data (unitless digital numbers) provided a continuous proxy measure of levels of urbanisation for 27 APCAPS villages. Mixed-effects linear regression models with log-transformed NTLI were used in analysis. Increasing NTLI was associated with rises in mean BMI and systolic blood pressure (SBP), but not low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG), after adjusting for confounders and these increases were greater among participants aged above 40 years. Using this dataset in the third research paper, the total effect of increasing urbanisation level on mean SBP was decomposed into direct and indirect effects via hypothesised pathways. Mediation analysis was performed using mixed-effects linear regression models for SBP, log-transformed NTLI (that ranged from 4.1 to 7.0) and three composite mediators summarising (i) socio-demographic (e.g. occupation and education), (ii) lifestyle, mental health (e.g. diet and depression), and (iii) metabolic factors (e.g. BMI and LDL). All models were gender-stratified and adjusted for age and other confounders. Mean SBP was 122.7mmHg (±15.7) among men and 115.8mmHg (±14.2) among women. A one unit (integer) increase in log-NTLI was associated with a rise in SBP by 2.0mmHg (95% CI 0.4, 3.5) among men and 1.3mmHg (95% CI 0.006, 2.6) among women. A considerable indirect effect via the metabolic pathway elevated SBP among men by 4.6mmHg (95% CI 2.0, 7.3) and a smaller SBP rise among women by 0.7mmHg (95% CI 0.1, 1.3) per one log-NTLI increase. Among men, but not women, NTLI 4 acted indirectly via the lifestyle and mental health pathway to elevate SBP by 0.7mmHg (95% CI 0.1, 1.3) per one log-NTLI increase. The total effect among both genders and the indirect effect via metabolic factors among men approximately doubled among participants aged above 40 years. This PhD identified night-time light intensity as a potentially important continuous proxy indicator of urbanisation levels in India and formally tested potential causal pathways linking urbanisation level with CVD risk factors. Increasing level of urbanisation was associated with greater mean SBP and BMI at early stages of urbanisation in South India. The findings offer new insights into possible pathways through which urbanisation may act on CVD risk factors. Pathways via metabolic factors independent of socio-demographic, lifestyle and mental health factors emerged as particularly interesting. These findings identified a need to understand better the indirect effects of urbanisation-related upstream determinants on CVD risk factors in India, independent of socio-demographic, lifestyle and mental health factors. Mediation analysis may be a useful approach to inform strategies to mitigate the expected large public health and economic impacts from continued, rapid urbanisation in India. I recommend implementing and scaling available, evidence-based, population-wide, primordial prevention strategies in India that target upstream determinants to modify behavioural risk factors for NCDs. In line with WHO’s best buys for NCD prevention and recommendations of the WHO and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, strategies could include (but are not limited to), advertisement restriction, health promotion campaigns; taxation of alcohol, petrol and food content; improved enforcement of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act and shifts to low-emission transport options. Evaluation of the ongoing Smart City Mission could identify innovative and effective interventions for cleaner, greener, and more environmentally sustainable urban development throughout India. In order to tackle expected rises in CVDs with urbanisation in India (and elsewhere in LMICs), I further call for a new interdisciplinary urbanisation science and collaborations to scale-up national surveillance systems and periodical surveys on environment, demographics, phyco-social factors and NCDs.

The aim of this study is simulating the results of targeting subsidies on macroeconomics variables of agricultural sector in Iran. In order to achieving the objectives of this study, a multi-sector computable general equilibrium model with five quintiles of rural and urban households is developed to analyze the results of elimination and redistribution of subsidies according to the law of targeting subsidies in Iran. The results show that during targeting, high income and average income groups lose. Income rising (in the case of quintiles which their income rise) causes to increasing demand of agricultural products, food products and services in both urban and rural households. The level of factor demand in agricultural and food industrial sectors increases. Income of unskilled labours increase more than income of skilled labours. The produced commodities of petroleum, industrial and mineral sectors will be expensive and the other commodities will be cheap. The level of production in agricultural and food industrial sectors increase and in the other sectors decrease. Agricultural, food industrial and services exports rise and petroleum, industrial and mineral exports reduce. Agricultural imports increase and the level of imports in other sectors decrease. Key words: Targeting subsidy, computable general equilibrium, agriculture, Iran.

South Korea is a highly urbanized and industrialized country. Increased urbanization and greater specialization have led to rising incomes, and changes in food production and consumption patterns. Changes in consumption and increased production specialization have also resulted in changes in trading patterns, with South Korea emerging as a leading importer of agri-food products. South Korea places great importance on self-sufficiency in food staples, and achieving income parity between rural and urban households. To attain these goals, considerable support has been provided to its agriculture sector. South Korea's policy support to the agriculture sector ranks among the worlds' highest. Small holdings still persist, entry into the sector is difficult, and the farm population is aging rapidly. Demographics and resource scarcity are therefore likely to shape the sector's evolution in the coming decades. This note first provides an overview of South Korea's demographics and land resources, followed by a review of the evolution of South Korea's agricultural policies. South Korea's policy support measures are then described, and new policy and regulatory initiatives are discussed.

In diesem Beitrag werden die Bestimmungsfaktoren der Entwicklungen auf den Weltagrarmarkten untersucht und deren Auswirkungen auf die EU Landwirtschaft fur den Zeitraum 2003/05 - 2013/15 quantifiziert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die weltweite Nachfrage nach Agrargutern starker steigt als das Angebot, so dass der Trend der Weltagrarpreise positiv ist. Die gegenwartig (Mai 2008) sehr hohen Preise werden indes nicht von Dauer sein. Vielmehr ist mittelfristig mit einem eher moderaten Preisanstieg von etwa 15-30 % im Untersuchungszeitraum zu rechnen. Bei Weizen und anderem Getreide (auser Mais) wird die Europaische Union wieder zu einem Nettoimporteur. Die zu erwartenden Entwicklungen auf den Weltagrarmarkten und die dadurch steigenden Preise fur Nahrungsguter werden zu einer ernsthaften Verscharfung der Welternahrungslage fuhren. Da die Flachen, die weltweit fur die Nahrungsguterproduktion verfugbar sind, begrenzt sind, muss die Steigerung des Angebots, die notwendig ist, um die rasch wachsende Weltbevolkerung in hinreichendem Umfang mit Nahrungsgutern zu versorgen, weitgehend uber eine Steigerung der Produktivitat derjenigen Flachen erreicht werden, die bereits heute landwirtschaftlich genutzt werden. Eine Steigerung der Produktivitat in der Weltlandwirtschaft fuhrt zu geringeren Nahrungsguterpreisen. Sie verringert daher auch die Anreize auf dem Weg der Brandrodung zusatzliche landwirtschaftliche Nutzflachen zu erschliesen. Gegenwartig tragen diese Brandrodungen 18 % zum anthropogenen Klimawandel bei. Dies ist mehr als der Klimaeffekt der weltweiten Industrieproduktion. Damit ist das landwirtschaftliche Produktivitatswachstum nicht nur zentral im Kampf gegen den Hunger auf der Welt, sondern es leistet auch einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Verringerung des Klimawandels.

Higher education institutions, like any business institution, should satisfy their clients (students) for them to survive in the higher education service business market. As a service business, higher education institutions also need to follow marketing principles in their attempt to attract potential students. We investigated the effect of marketing mix dimension on internal and external marketing in universities. The research used primary data from a questionnaire survey of 526 students in West Java Province, Indonesia, and then drew conclusions by a structural equation model (SEM) analysis. The research findings revealed that place, product, price and promotion have a positive effect on external marketing. Whereas physical evidence, people and processes have positive, significant effects on internal marketing. There was also positive, significant correlation between external marketing and internal marketing. The research findings were hopefully beneficial for higher education management, to be made as guidance in implementing their marketing strategy. Higher education leaders may apply the external marketing policy to attract potential student interest and the internal marketing policy to improve the quality of their service and internal marketing. The study delivered a broader picture of the application of marketing mix model on universities. In addition, the discussion presented the implication of the offered theory and practice, the research limitation, and the direction of future researchers.