Abstract
1. 1. Although testosterone ( T) stimulates aggressiveness in males of many vertebrate species, it is now known that the full expression of T actions in the central nervous system requires aromatization to estradiol ( E2) and subsequent binding of formed E2 to its receptor. 2. 2. We have recently confirmed these as rate-limiting steps in the control of sex-related and individual differences in aggressiveness of the Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica). 3. 3. In this review, we describe some of the neuroendocrine factors which control aggression with a focus on our recent studies in quail.
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