AGENDA SUSTAINABILITY: PLANS, OUTCOMES AND MONITORING

Perspectives on food waste management: Prevention and social innovations

This study aims to identify the relationship between the characteristics and location of provisional public open spaces in Tokyo's 23 wards. To characterize the existing open spaces we classified them according to the following properties: landownership, area, and type of open space facility. We identified that the location of these open spaces reveals a pattern. In residential areas of low urban density the sizes of these open spaces vary, and the ratio of private landowners is comparatively high. In area of high urban density, municipalities have less choice over the type of these open spaces they wish to preserve for a park. They tend to buy land for preservation in an ad-hoc way when budgets permit and when land becomes available. In area of mixed land-use a variety of different land-owner and area characteristics exit, and the ratio of large scale is comparatively high. Up to now research has only concentrated on the problem of preserving land for parks in areas of high density. However it is also important to concentrate on areas of low density and mixed land-use to understand the effectiveness of the different techniques used for preserving land.

Backcasting to identify food waste prevention and mitigation opportunities for infant feeding in maternity services

There are two primary purposes of this paper. The first is to summarize the results of a survey conducted in a rural area of Kentucky on attitudes and behaviors regarding substance use. The second purpose is to examine differences in drug attitudes and behaviors for higher and lower density rural areas. Participants for this study were contacted by telephone in March 1996. The sample was generated by random digit dialing for eight county telephone exchanges. The sample included 334 respondents from the eight counties who were grouped into respondents from higher density areas (n = 132) and lower density areas (n = 202). Results indicated that respondents from both higher density and lower density areas were similar on drug use and attitudes. However, lower density areas reported their county as a worse place to live and less safe than respondents from higher density areas. Respondents from lower density areas were also more likely to report there was more alcohol/drug use and more alcohol bootlegging in the past year, and that bootlegging alcohol is a serious problem in their county. Future research could include the examination of heterogeneity of rural areas using different indices. [Translations are provided in the International s Section of this issue.]

The residential burglary deterrent effects of a helicopter patrol procedure were investigated in four separate areas with a multiple baseline technology. The helicopter was flown during an 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. period in two high density population areas of approximately 9.82 and 14.71 square miles and two low density population areas of 117.49 and 89.97 square miles. The helicopter patrol reduced residential burglaries without crime displacement in the two high density areas but had no deterrent effects in the low density areas. The costs of the helicopter patrol were justified by the benefits that resulted from the reduced home burglaries in the two high density areas. Because the helicopter patrol program is funded by general tax revenues, there is a disparity between those people paying for the procedure (all residents of Nashville) and those citizens that receive the burglary deterrent benefits (only residents of high-density areas). This distribution of benefit limitation suggests two courses of action: (1) The helicopter should be flown only in high population density areas even though the low population density areas are also victimized by high burglary rates. (2) A more comprehensive burglary reduction program must be developed so that effective deterrence can be realized in low density areas. These latter techniques would supplement helicopter patrol strategies and thus form a comprehensive burglary deterrent package that has an equitable benefit distribution.

Behavioural mechanisms underlying the spatial dispersion of commensalMus domesticusand grasslandMus spretus

Providing access to safe and inclusive public spaces is the target of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There are challenges to achieving this goal because of the high density in many areas in Indonesia, which occurs in the Pasar Lama area of Tangerang, causing limited public open space. Nevertheless, residents of the Pasar Lama area still actively use the available spaces between buildings, which may have different standards from the literature, as places for social activities. Thus, this study aims to investigate the factors contributing to the livability of public spaces in the Pasar Lama area. This study uses a qualitative method with purposive random sampling, selecting 20 informants from 7 identified public spaces to be interviewed. Primary data includes interviews, observations, mapping, and secondary data from various literature on standards of livable public spaces. The results of this study conclude that sociability and place attachment factors play an important role in making these spaces livable. The high level of social interaction and the existence of supporting facilities at every point in the public space reflect a high level of sociability and encourage public space to continue to be used actively. The strong place attachment felt by residents also creates a sense of responsibility towards the environment where they live.

Collaborations for Circular Food Waste Management in Italian Fish Manufacturing Firms: a Resource Dependence Perspective

The activities related to agri-food production and the disposal of its waste account for a large number of greenhouse gas emissions. In many cases, food waste (FW) management is established by making a single assessment for its sustainability based on economical or environmental impacts. However, social impact assessments on stakeholders are often incomplete or missing, and its efficiency is seldom measured. Decision-making in waste management strategies, such as the acquisition of appropriate waste treatment sites or methods used, frequently involves multiple stakeholders such as government, municipalities, industries, experts, or public sectors. Due to the complication of differing criteria and alternatives in FW management technology, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology is recommended to certify the quality of the decision-making process. This paper reviews the use of MCDM as decision supporting techniques in modelling and analysing decision making in situations with multiple stakeholders for FW management. The synthesis results obtained through the MCDM tool will be more reliable when requesting confirmation from stakeholders based on a recommended minimum range of criteria for each sustainability dimension in the FW issues. Finally, potential studies in this area have been proposed.

The (FWE)2 nexus: Bridging food, food waste, water, energy, and ecosystems for circular systems and sustainable development

The aim of the study is to identify causal factors which determine the rate of housing deterioration particularly in high density and slum areas of Nigerian cities.Two high density areas, namely, Asata and Ogui New Layout and one slum area, Obiagu, all in Enugu City were used for the study.257 landlords randomly selected from these areas participated in this study by serving as respondents.Structured questionnaire was the major instrument for data collection.Multiple Linear, Regression Analysis (MRA) was used in data analysis.Findings indicate that out of the 7 suspected factors, 5 of them, namely, high occupancy ratio (0.968), number of non-residential rooms (0.875), Landlord's level of education (0.675), Landlord's household size (0.593) and number of tenants (0.406) correlate significantly with housing deterioration.Therefore, the more these identified factors are combined in a dwelling unit, the faster the rate of deterioration of that dwelling.It is then recommended that governments at all levels should give adequate enabling environment to municipal councils through Town Planning Authorities to enforce acceptable occupancy ratios and codes.Similarly, the issue of family planning should be pursued with more vigor and determination to the extent that offenders could be sanctioned and prosecuted.Further more, landlords' education should be made mandatory and to be extended to include information communication technology (ICT) to enable them link up with the outside world for greater awareness and networking.The study then concluded that though the study was based in Enugu city but the findings are germane to other Nigerian as well as third world cities.

BackgroundPhysical activity among children and adolescents (collectively, youth) is important to ensure adult health. Population density is a factor that affects physical activity via various environmental factors. However, the relationship between population density and physical activity among youth is not fully understood, especially in extremely high density area. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between population density and physical activity of youth using pedometer-determined step data.MethodsA total of 13,688 youth between 6 to 15 years of age were identified from the 2011 Tokyo Metropolitan Survey of Physical Fitness, Physical Activity and Lifestyle. Participants were divided into five subgroups according to the population density of their municipality of residence. The population density’s fixed effects on in-school, out-of-school, and daily total step count adjusted for gender and school grade were estimated.ResultsThe lowest (< 2500 people/km2) and highest (> 10,000 people/km2) population density subgroups had significantly lower daily total step count and out-of-school step count than those of the reference population (5000–7500 people/km2). In contrast, in-school step count did not significantly differ according to population density.ConclusionsBoth low population density and also high population density were related to lower step count. Low physical activity in high density areas has not been well documented in previous research. Considering population growth in urbanized area globally, these results suggest the importance of continued research of physical activity determinants in high population density areas.

The food waste hierarchy as a framework for the management of food surplus and food waste

The article provides an analysis of the state of transport infrastructure in terms of international traffic. It analyses the condition and development projects of transport corridors that run through the territory of Russia, as well as transport hubs that connect commodity flows with other countries. The article uses the methods of comparative analysis, correlation and observation. The article presents Russia's connection to pan-European transport corridors, the problems of the Northern Sea Route, the North-South transport corridor linking Russia with Iran, and possible options for bypassing the Caspian Sea by rail. The problems of the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainlines are presented. The state and prospects of transport hubs: St Petersburg, Vladivostok and Rostov-on-Don. Features of these hubs, as well as projects for their development. The analysis shows that for the Russian Federation, whose economy is based on the export of raw materials, the most important mode of transport is rail, which provides transportation of different types of goods, and has a certain degree of mobility, compared to pipeline transport. Eliminating bottlenecks in transport infrastructure will contribute to lowering the cost of cargo on world markets by covering the supply base.

PurposeThe microseismic monitoring technique has great advantages on identifying the location, extent and the mechanism of damage process occurring in rock mass. This study aims to analyze distribution characteristics and the evolution law of excavation damage zone of surrounding rock based on microseismic monitoring data.Design/methodology/approachIn situ test using microseismic monitoring technique is carried out in the large-span transition tunnel of Badaling Great Wall Station of Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway. An intelligent microseismic monitoring system is built with symmetry monitoring point layout both on the mountain surface and inside the tunnel to achieve three-dimensional and all-round monitoring results.FindingsMicroseismic events can be divided into high density area, medium density area and low density area according to the density distribution of microseismic events. The positions where the cumulative distribution frequencies of microseismic events are 60 and 80% are identified as the boundaries between high and medium density areas and between medium and low density areas, respectively. The high density area of microseismic events is regarded as the high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock, which is affected by the grade of surrounding rock and the span of tunnel. The prediction formulas for the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock at different tunnel positions are given considering these two parameters. The scale of the average moment magnitude parameters of microseismic events is adopted to describe the damage degree of surrounding rock. The strong positive correlation and multistage characteristics between the depth of excavation damage zone and deformation of surrounding rock are revealed. Based on the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock, the prestressed anchor cable (rod) is designed, and the safety of anchor cable (rod) design parameters is verified by the deformation results of surrounding rock.Originality/valueThe research provides a new method to predict the surrounding rock damage zone of large-span tunnel and also provides a reference basis for design parameters of prestressed anchor cable (rod).