Age Specific Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Women from Northern Part of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Melasma is one of the most frequently acquired hyperpigmentation disorders clinically characterized by symmetrical brown patches on sun-exposed areas. To date, few studies have been conducted about the relationship between thyroid autoimmun-ity and melasma. To evaluate the thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in nonpregnant women with melasma. A total of 70 women with melasma and 70 age-matched healthy women with no history of melasma were enrolled in the study. We studied the thyroid hormone profile in both groups. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Patients with melasma had 18.5% frequency of thyroid disorders, and 15.7% had positive anti-TPO, while subjects from the control group had a 4.3% frequency of thyroid abnormalities, and only 5.7% had positive anti-TPO. There was a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in women with melasma compared with control group (P = 0.008). This study suggests that there is a relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and melasma. However, to make recommendations on screening for thyroid disease in patients with melasma, future research of good methodological quality is needed.

BackgroundPrevious studies showed that thyroid dysfunction in women with gestational hypertension could negatively affect maternal and fetal outcomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether thyroid dysfunction assessed in the second half trimester contributed to neonatal outcomes of pregnancy in different subtypes of gestational hypertension disease.MethodsWe performed a retrospective case-control study and collected data from 135 singleton pregnant women with gestational hypertension disease and their offspring who delivered in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2015 to June 2017. We classified the patients based on the severity of the preeclampsia into three groups: pregnant induced hypertension (PIH), mild preeclampsia (MPE) and severe preeclampsia (SPE). Based on the onset time of preeclampsia, we classified the patients into PIH, early onset preeclampsia (EPE) and late onset preeclampsia. Demographic data and levels of thyroid hormones, as well as the adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected from Electronic Medical Records. Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between thyroid dysfunction and neonatal outcomes in these patients.ResultsGestational weeks and neonatal birthweight were significantly lower, while incidence of preterm birth was significantly higher in the SPE and EPE groups than those in the PIH group (P < 0.001). Thyroid dysfunction was more frequent in the SPE group than in the MPE group (P = 0.01). Incidences of both preterm birth and low birth weight were significantly higher in patients with thyroid dysfunction (P = 0.008, P = 0.047 respectively). After adjustment, both severity of gestational hypertension (OR = 4.360, 95%CI [2.050, 9.271], P < 0.001; OR = 4.023, 95%CI [1.933, 8.372], P < 0.001) and thyroid dysfunction (OR = 3.011, 95%CI [1.248, 7.262], P = 0.014; OR = 11.306, 95%CI [1.040, 122.889], P = 0.046) were associated with higher risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, while the onset time of preeclampsia (OR = 0.031, 95%CI [0.009, 0.110], P < 0.001; OR = 0.097, 95%CI [0.033, 0.282], P < 0.001) was negatively associated with the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight.ConclusionSevere and early onset preeclampsia, as well as thyroid dysfunction are associated with higher risk of preterm birth and low neonatal birth weight. Therefore, our data suggest that monitoring thyroid hormones in women with preeclampsia might help to predict adverse neonatal outcomes.

Thyroid dysfunction is common, especially among women over the age of 50. In caring for peri- and post-menopausal women, it is important to recognize the changing clinical manifestations of thyroid disease with age. Postmenopausal women are at increased risk of both osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, and untreated thyroid disease may exacerbate these risks. Screening for thyroid dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals is controversial, but aggressive case-finding should be pursued, especially in older women. Women with overt thyroid dysfunction should be treated. Therapy for women with subclinical thyroid dysfunction is more controversial, although women with levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) > or =10 mU/L should be treated, and treatment may be considered in symptomatic women with subclinical hypothyroidism and TSH values <10 mU/L, and in women with subclinical hyperthyroidism who have TSH values consistently <0.1 mU/L. In women who are treated with thyroxine, careful dose titration and monitoring are required in order to prevent the adverse consequences of iatrogenic subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Finally, caution is required in diagnosing and treating thyroid dysfunction in women who are taking oral estrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators.

Postnatal depression is more common in women positive for thyroid autoantibodies, independent of thyroid hormone dysfunction, but the basis of this association is unclear. The objective of the work reported here has been to investigate from data obtained from previously published research, a possible association between life events, postnatal depression and the development of thyroid dysfunction in women who are positive for thyroid autoantibodies. A cohort of pregnant women whose thyroid antibody status was positive (N = 115), was identified at antenatal booking (approximately 16 weeks). These, and a group of women negative for thyroid antibodies (N = 123), were assessed for depression at six to eight weeks postpartum and then at 12, 20 and 28 weeks postpartum according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The number and type of life events over the preceding year were also assessed at eight weeks postpartum using Paykel's Life Event Schedule. At four weekly intervals post-partum until six months, thyroid antibody levels and thyroid function (plasma T3 T4 and TSH) were measured. As anticipated, the thyroid antibody status remained the same throughout the study, and there was no difference in the number or type of life events reported in the preceding year, between antibody positive and antibody negative women. Postnatal depression was associated with an excess of both total and negative life events, independent of thyroid antibody status or actual thyroid hormonal status. Women who developed thyroid dysfunction did not report an excess of life events (total, negative or neutral) in the preceding year. There was an excess of reported total and negative life events in women with postnatal depression, but this was independent of thyroid antibody status or function.

Thyroid dysfunction is thought to be associated with stillbirth. Therefore, thyroid function is often recommended in the diagnostic investigations for stillbirth. We aimed to evaluate the added value of thyroid function testing in the diagnostic investigations for stillbirth. A nationwide multicentre prospective cohort study in 1025 women who suffered stillbirth >20 weeks of gestation performed between 2002 and 2008. In each woman, an extensive diagnostic work-up was performed, including placental examination and autopsy. TSH and FT4 values below the 2·5th percentile or above the 97·5th percentile according local laboratory reference values were regarded as abnormal. Women with a history of thyroid disease were evaluated separately. Thyroid function abnormalities in women with stillbirth. Of 1025 included women, 21 had a history of thyroid disease (2%). In the 875 with TSH and FT4 results and no history of thyroid disease, 10% had hypothyroxinemia, 4·6% subclinical hypothyroidism, 1·6% overt hypothyroidism and 1·5% subclinical hyperthyroidism. Women with a subclinical hyperthyroidism more often had a foetal death caused by foetal hydrops: 23% vs 2·9% (adjusted OR 10·3, 95% CI 2·5-42). Women with a stillbirth had a slightly higher prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinaemia compared to previous studies on thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women. Given the absence of a strong associations with the cause of stillbirth, and no demonstrated beneficial effects of treating thyroid dysfunction in these women, routine screening after stillbirth is not justified.

Recent studies report high rates of thyroid disorders in pregnant women. However, the need for universal thyroid screening remains controversial. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction (TD) during pregnancy and to analyse the association with maternal age. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a referral centre in collaboration with the primary care units from April 2010 to March 2011. The study included 2509 consecutive pregnant women resident in an iodine-sufficient area, mean age 32 years (range 16-47) who were universally screened for TD in their first trimester (median gestation 8 weeks, range 4-13 weeks). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 (FT4) were analysed during the first antenatal visit. We applied first trimester-specific population-based TSH and FT4 reference ranges. We identified 416 women with positive TD screening [16·6%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 15·1-18·0]. Of these, 47 had overt hypothyroidism (1·9%), 90 subclinical hypothyroidism (3·6%), 23 overt hyperthyroidism (0·9%), 20 subclinical hyperthyroidism (0·8%) and 236 had isolated hypothyroxinaemia (9·4%). Applying a logistic regression model, age ≥30 years was not associated with a higher risk of TD [odds ratio (OR) 0·85, 95% CI 0·67-1·08] or hypothyroidism (OR 0·72, 95% CI 0·50-1·06). TD affects one in six pregnant women in an iodine-sufficient population. Maternal age ≥30 years do not increase the risk of TD.

BackgroundThyroid disorders are common endocrine conditions impacting multiple organs, including the reproductive system and often lead to sexual dysfunction. These effects can vary by gender; for example, women with hypothyroidism frequently experience reduced libido. Low thyroid hormone levels are also linked to vaginal dryness, causing discomfort, especially during intercourse. This study aims to assess the global prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women with thyroid disorders.MethodsSystematic searches were performed across electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, to retrieve studies reporting the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with thyroid disorders up to February 8, 2024. Inclusion criteria comprised studies that reported on the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in patients with thyroid disorders and studies published in English available full text. Exclusion criteria included case studies, intervention studies, studies with incomplete information, repeated studies and those not written in English. Cross-sectional studies were the primary study design included. Data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 2).ResultsAnalysis of nine studies, involving a total sample size of 1013, found an overall prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women with thyroid disorders to be 44.8% (95% CI: 33.8–56.2). Given the substantial reporting of sexual dysfunction among women with either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, subgroup analyses were conducted. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 41.8% (95% CI: 26.3–59) among women with hypothyroidism and 59.6% (95% CI: 50.5–68.1) among those with hyperthyroidism.ConclusionThe notable prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women with thyroid disorders highlights the for increased awareness among this population. Targeted awareness initiatives may help mitigate the occurrence of sexual dysfunction and its adverse effects, improving overall quality of life for affected women.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Diseases of thyroid gland, according to world statistics, are found in almost 30% of the world’s population. Thyroid dysfunctions, according to many epidemiological studies, are quite widespread in the population. Normal development of the reproductive system occurs under the influence of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland and during normal functioning of the thyroid gland. In turn, the state of the reproductive system has a pronounced effect on the function of the thyroid gland, as evidenced by changes in its function during pregnancy and lactation, in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, in girls during puberty and women during the menstrual cycle. The objective: is to evaluate the prevalence and effectiveness of diagnosis of dysfunction of thyroid dysfunction in women with reproductive health disorders to improve treatment and rehabilitation activities and quality of life. Materials and methods. In the first stage of a prospective study, 989 women of reproductive age were put through the method of continuous sampling. Based on the results of verifying the gynecological pathology, 350 patients who gave informed consent for participation in the second stage of the study, were divided into clinical groups for further comparative analysis of the prevalence of dysfunction of thyroid gland: I group – 159 (51.3%) patients with combined non-hormonal non-inflammatory pathology of reproductive organs and dyshormonal pathology of the mammary glands (genital endometriosis, adenomyosis / uterine leiomyoma in combination with endometrial hyperplasia), II group – 31 (8.9%) female with PCOS, III – 53 (15.1%) with endometriotic disease, IV group – 57 (16.3%) women with uterine leiomyoma. Absence of gynecological pathology and pathology of mammary glands at the time of the survey was found in 50 (14.3%) of women, which amounted to V group. Results. Structural and functional changes of the thyroid gland were found in 53.4% of women, while the frequency of detection of diffuse goiter I–II st. did not differ between clinical groups (p&gt;0.05). The prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis was higher in patients with dyshormonal pathology of the reproductive system than in healthy women (p=0.0001). The euthyroid state with combined dyshormonal and proliferative pathology occurred 1.5 to 1.9 times less frequently than in patients of other groups (p≤0.0005). Subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 39,6% of the I group of women at 12.9%, 15.1% and 14.0% in the II, III and IV groups, respectively. At the same time, the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 60.6% for the I group in women who had diffuse goiter and / or autoimmune thyroiditis, with 8.6% of the manifest hypothyroidism that was absent in women with PCOS, and the prevalence of endometriosis disease and uterine leiomyomies were 1.9% and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusion. Thus, the results of a two-stage study of thyroid gland thyroid dysfunction in women with dyshormonal pathology of reproductive organs of non-inflammatory genesis confirm that dysfunction of the thyroid gland, especially hypothyroidism, is a serious problem for reproductive health, requiring changes in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Key words: thyroid gland, autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, reproductive health, non-inflammatory dyshormonal diseases of reproductive organs.

Background: Women are more likely to experience thyroid diseases than men. However, thyroid dysfunction risk in women undergoing the menopausal transition remains largely unknown. We explored the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction across menopausal stages. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 53,230 women aged 40 years or older who underwent health screening between 2014 and 2018. Menopausal stages were categorized into 4 based on the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10 criteria. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) with confidence intervals [CIs] for thyroid dysfunction in menopausal stages compared with that in premenopause. Results: The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was significantly increased during late transition and postmenopause; it remained significant after further adjustments for potential confounders (age, center, year of examination, age at menarche, parity, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index) with corresponding multivariable-adjusted PRs [CI] of 1.61 [1.12-2.30] and 1.66 [1.16-2.37] in the late transition and postmenopausal stages, respectively. A significant increase in the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was also observed in the late transition and postmenopausal stage with multivariable-adjusted PRs [CI] of 1.22 [1.06-1.40] and 1.24 [1.07-1.44], respectively. In contrast, subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism were not significantly associated with menopausal stages. Conclusions: In this study of pre- and perimenopausal Korean women, the prevalence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly elevated in the late menopausal transition. Future prospective studies are warranted to investigate the clinical and prognostic significance of thyroid dysfunction in women during menopausal transition.

Women with endometriosis may have higher rates of autoimmune disorders, including hypothyroidism. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) between women with endometriosis and a control group. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in 148 women with surgically confirmed endometriosis and 158 controls. The mean age of the study group was 34.6 (7.1 SD) years (range 21-42) and 32.1 (7.7 SD) years (range 18-44) for controls. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and the anti-thyroperoxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were evaluated. Thyroid disorders were identified in 20.9% of the endometriosis group and 26.5% of the control group (P = 0.25). The overall frequency of thyroid dysfunction was 12.2% and 10.8% for the endometriosis and control groups, and the frequency of positive thyroid antibodies, 14.9% and 22.2%, respectively (P = 0.20). Endometriosis stage and infertility history were not associated with thyroid dysfunction and AITD in the study group. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and AITD was similar in the two study groups. Screening for thyroid disturbances in women with endometriosis is not indicated.

The prevalence of COPD is increasing annually, accompanied by a growing number of complications and organ function abnormalities. Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Updated evidence is needed to complement previous systematic reviews on this topic to provide best practice. The EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane and PubMed databases were searched for articles containing the keywords "COPD" and "thyroid dysfunction" (PROSPERO CRD42024592606). Eligibility screening, data extraction and quality assessment of retrieved articles were performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses were performed to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with COPD. Regression analyses were used to explore sources of heterogeneity. The clinical features of COPD combined with thyroid dysfunction were clarified by comparing the age, sex (percentage of males), BMI, smoking index, Forced Vital Capacity (FVC%), Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1%), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and albumin in patients with and without thyroid dysfunction. The differences in the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction between stable and acute exacerbations in COPD were also compared. Twelve studies were included, with an overall prevalence of 42.1% (95% CI, 31.8-52.9). The most common type of thyroid dysfunction in COPD was non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) in 45.3% (95% CI, 22.3-68.3). There was no difference in the prevalence of dysfunctions between stable and acute exacerbations of COPD. Patients in the thyroid dysfunction group in COPD had lower PCO2 and albumin and higher FEV1%. Thyroid dysfunction has a high prevalence among patients with COPD, with NTIS being the most common. Thyroid dysfunction in COPD may affect lung function and lead to decreased albumin. Patients with COPD should be screened for thyroid function, and attention should be paid to the clinical features of this group of patients with thyroid dysfunction to facilitate better identification and management. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/myprospero, PROSPERO ID (CRD42024592606).

Objective. We conducted the study to see the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in women with obstetrical high-risk factors. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of high-risk pregnant women who had examination for thyroid function during pregnancy. Women were divided according to clinical presentation, symptoms of thyroid disease and those with a personal history of thyroid disease (thyroid disease, n = 32), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR, n = 115), diabetes mellitus (diabetes, n = 115), hypertension (n = 63), intrauterine fetal death (IUFD, n = 52), and placental abruption (abruption, n = 15). The incidence of thyroid dysfunctions including hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism was compared. Results. The overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 24.7%. The incidence of thyroid dysfunction in each group was as follows: 31% in thyroid disease, 25% in IUGR, 30% in diabetes, 27% in hypertension, 12% in IUFD, and 7% in abruption. Except IUFD, the incidence was not statistically significant from the group of thyroid disease (thyroid disease versus IUFD, P = 0.03 by χ 2 test). Thyroid disease represented for only 10% of all thyroid dysfunctions. Conclusion. Testing of women with a personal history or current symptoms of thyroid disease during pregnancy may be insufficient to detect women with thyroid dysfunction, who will become at high-risk pregnancy.

Maternal thyroid disease may complicate pregnancy. A high frequency of abnormal thyroid function test results in pregnant women with known thyroid disease has been reported, but the frequency of unidentified thyroid dysfunction in women first clinically diagnosed with thyroid disease after a pregnancy is not known. This was a population-based study of pregnant women in the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) who had a blood sample drawn in early pregnancy and terminated the pregnancy with a singleton live-birth in the period between 1997 and 2003. Participants were all women in the DNBC who had a registration of thyroid disease before and/or up to five years after the pregnancy in nationwide health registers (n = 2445) and a 12% random sample of all women in the cohort (n = 7624). Thyrotropin and free thyroxine were measured with an immunoassay in sera stored in the Danish National Biobank. Method- and pregnancy week-specific references ranges were used for classification of thyroid function test abnormalities. The frequency of abnormal thyroid function in early pregnancy was 12.5% in the random sample and 35.7% among women clinically diagnosed with thyroid disease before or after blood sampling (55.7% among women on current treatment). One third of women clinically diagnosed with thyroid disease after blood sampling had unidentified thyroid dysfunction in the early pregnancy blood sample (most frequently [52.0%] unidentified hypothyroidism in women with a later diagnosis of hypothyroidism). More than 50% of Danish pregnant women on current treatment for thyroid disease had thyrotropin and/or free thyroxine outside the week-specific reference ranges, and the frequency of unidentified early pregnancy thyroid dysfunction in women clinically diagnosed after the pregnancy was also high.

Context: Thyroid hormones play a key role in the menstrual and reproductive functions of women. Thyroid dysfunction is marked by a large number of menstrual aberrations. Objective: To determine the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and its correlation with menstrual patterns. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 64 DUB patients aged between 19 and 45 years and an equal number of age-matched women with a normal menstrual cycle. Plasma concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4), and free triiodothyronine (T3) of the participants were measured. Laboratory analyses were conducted on Elecsys 2010 immunology analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel software, and the data were transferred into IBM SPSS version 21.0 for processing. A P-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 64 women with DUB, 21.9% had thyroid dysfunction, of which 14.1% had overt hypothyroidism, 6.2% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 1.5% had overt hyperthyroidism. The main menstrual complaint among hypothyroid DUB patients was menorrhagia. The only presentation in hyperthyroidism was oligomenorrhea. Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal thyroid function in this study was high; therefore, screening of DUB patients for thyroid function abnormalities is suggested.

The aim of this study was to establish the risk of postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) in women who had normal thyroid function during pregnancy and no history of thyroid disease. Four thousand and twenty-two consecutive pregnant women were screened for thyroid function and antithyroid antibody. Among women with normal thyroid function during pregnancy and no history of thyroid disease, thyroid function were assessed in 131 of 388 antithyroid antibody positive (Group I) and 1030 of 3503 antibody negative (Group II) women at 1 and 3 months postpartum. In Group I women who experienced PPTD, the frequency of later manifestation of Hashimoto's disease was compared according to titres of antithyroid antibodies. Blood samples in early pregnancy, and at 1 month and 3 months postpartum were obtained using the dried blood spot method. Levels of fT4 were measured by RIA, TSH by fluoroimmunoassay or ELISA, antimicrosome antibody (AMC) and antithyroglobulin antibody (ATG) by indirect agglutination reactions. The prevalence of PPTD at 1 month and 3 months postpartum were found to be 6.9% and 21.3% in Group I, and 5.3% and 4.7% in Group II, respectively. The prevalence of PPTD was significantly higher at 3 months postpartum in Group I (P<0.05). 27.3% of women with PPTD in Group I were later found to have Hashimoto's disease and 9.1% manifested hypothyroidism without goitre. A high AMC titre (> or = 25600) at 3 months postpartum in women with PPTD was related to the manifestation of Hashimoto's disease. AMC titres of PPTD women and women who developed Hashimoto's disease were significantly higher than those of control women who did not experience PPTD. A high prevalence of PPTD was found in women with antithyroid antibodies who were euthyroid during pregnancy. Prolonged follow-up of the subsequent thyroid function may be needed in women who experience PPTD and/or show a high titre of antithyroid antibody.