Age–sex heterogeneity among Russia’s indigenous small-numbered peoples: a census-based typology and the statistical core-region condition

This article discusses how the war in Ukraine, started by Russia, impacts the lives of Russian Indigenous small-numbered peoples. First, one can observe Russia’s growing disregard for its international legal obligations. Second, the Russian State is continuously introducing new sanctions against persons and organizations who do not support the Russian regime. Third, the pressure on Indigenous peoples’ representatives is increasing. Fourth, a significant number of members of Indigenous small-numbered peoples actively participate in the war due to, inter alia, socio-economic problems and lack of reliable and objective information about it. Fifth, there is a decline in international cooperation with the Indigenous small-numbered peoples of Russia. Finally, it is visible that the role of Indigenous peoples, including Russian Indigenous peoples, in international decision-making changes.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation has various concepts of ethnic communities, including national minorities and indigenous small-numbered peoples. Despite their constitutional distinction, these communities are sometimes considered synonymously in legislation, law enforcement practice, and doctrine. The specification of these concepts is further complicated by the fact that Russia ceased its participation in European international obligations protecting the rights of national minorities and withdrew from the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, including its dealings with problems of indigenous peoples. The question of Russia’s participation in the Arctic Council, whose activities also cover the rights of indigenous peoples, remains open. This article attempts to clarify the current legal status of national minorities and small indigenous small-numbered peoples in the Russian Federation. It discusses the historical prerequisites for the formation of these ethnic communities in the Russian Empire and during the Soviet period, the peculiarities of their identification from the standpoint of current Russian and international law, the correlation of these communities according to the catalog of rights guaranteed to them, and the methods of their acquiring and losing their corresponding status. In addition, the experience of defining national minorities and indigenous peoples in the Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark) is examined in a comparative legal analysis. The authors conclude that national minorities and indigenous small-numbered peoples in the Russian Federation do have some similar features but still differ from each other. Indigenous are distinguished by their special historical connection with their ancestral territories of residence, which predetermines special legal regulation of the status of these peoples. Taking into account this circumstance, the article supports the usefulness of further development of Russian legislation on national minorities and indigenous small-numbered peoples, including taking into account the practices of foreign countries while noting their differences.

This research aims to obtain information about the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the genetic diversity of 20 chili genotypes and to analyze their similarity as the basis for selecting parental crossbreeds in peatland assembly chili varieties. This research was conducted in the peatlands of Tuah Karya Village, Tampan District, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province and analyzed at the Plant Breeding Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University from November 2020-April 2021. The study used a randomized block design consisting of 20 genotypes (Agronomy and Horticulture IPB University’s collection) with three replications, so there were 60 experimental units. There are 22 qualitative characters and 13 quantitative characters identified. Qualitative data was transformed into quantitative data based on International Plant Genetic Resource Institute (IPGRI) and quantitative data was the average data. Principal component and cluster analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics 20 software. Results show that large chili plants based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis were grouped into four clusters at level of similarity 82.5% and a proportion of diversity of 57.53%. The closest similarity of large chili is CG4 and CG6. Based on the principal component analysis and cluster analysis cayenne pepper plants are grouped into two clusters at a 90% similarity level and 72.80% diversity proportion. The closest similarity of cayenne pepper is CG16 and CG19.

For many of Russia's poorest people, and especially for the officially recognized ‘indigenous small-numbered peoples’, neoliberal reforms following the collapse of the Soviet Union represented a major retrenchment in ‘social citizenship’ as defined by T.H. Marshall. However, some reforms also promised increased civil, political and cultural citizenship rights, which Russia's indigenous peoples have sought to realize through new legislation and appeals to international agreements regarding the rights of indigenous peoples. But with Russia's current economic and political course geared towards maximizing revenues from the extraction and sale of natural resources, Russia's indigenous peoples have been frustrated in their efforts to realize these citizenship rights, particularly in their attempts to assert rights to land and resources through legal means. This paper draws on case studies from southern Siberia to discuss first how Russia's identity politics and an international focus on indigenous peoples have combined to create indigenous subjects in the Russian Federation, and second how the anticipated transition from indigenous subjects to indigenous citizens has for the most part failed to materialize.

Statistical methods like principal component analysis and cluster analysis are not new in identification and classification for biological features. However, the success of utilizing these two methods in discriminating late blight infected tomatoes (caused by Phytophthora infestans ) from healthy ones has not yet been reported. This paper demonstrates the capability of using principal component analysis and cluster analysis for identification and discrimination of spectral characteristics of late blight infections on tomatoes. Our results show that the first principal component is related to the spectral properties of healthy tomatoes, and the second principal component is related to the spectral properties of infected tomatoes. Cluster analysis shows that a reasonable discrimination is obtained when the centroid distance of clusters is above 0.5. The consistent results from both principal components analysis and cluster analysis indicate that late blight infection on tomatoes can be successfully detected with remote sensing when the infection severity reaches middle to late stages. Moreover, spectral ratio analysis provides us with the way to identify the sensitive spectral wavelengths where distinguishable reflectance values can be observed for unique biological features. Understanding the light responses to unique biological features may increase discrimination accuracy by reducing the impact of soil background on spectral measurements, and utilizing the most sensitive wavelengths for discriminating between healthy and diseased tomatoes.

In Russia, there exist legal norms providing for the protection of indigenous small-numbered peoples’ rights. Yet, indigenous small-numbered peoples face multiple challenges when it comes to the implementation of their rights. After a brief presentation of the Russian legislation on the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples, peculiarities of the Russian legal system and impediments to the legal provisions regulating the status of indigenous small-numbered peoples, this article addresses several issues related to the implementation of indigenous small-numbered peoples’ rights in Russia today. One of the core issues is the attribution of individual members of indigenous communities to indigenous small-numbered peoples. Such an attribution is still challenging despite the newly adopted amendments to the 30 April 1999 Federal Law N 82-FL: ‘On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the Russian Federation’. Another issue is application of the notion ‘foreign agent’ to individuals and non-commercial organizations. Still another issue is the State’s pressure on independent indigenous organizations. The final challenge is the possible impact of amendments to the Constitution approved by popular vote in July 2020 on the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples.

The subject of this research is displacement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation neighboring with Yakutia. The object is the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North residing in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai, Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. These constituent entities of the Russian Federation have contiguous territories with the Sakha Republic. The author examines the displacement and size of the indigenous population of the regions of the Russian Federation neighboring with Yakutia. Special attention is given to clarification of the places of traditional dwelling of the indigenous small-numbered peoples in the aforementioned regions of the Russian Federation. It is established that the following ethnic groups reside in the territory contiguous to Yakutia: Dolgans, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs and Chukchi. The areas of residence of the listed ethnic groups border with the areas of settlement of the corresponding indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in the territory of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The author’s special contribution lies in the analysis of displacement and size of the indigenous population in the regions of the Russian Federation neighboring with Yakutia on the local level. The novelty of consists in the territorial analysis of the places of traditional dwelling of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.

This study aimed to classify the skeletal phenotypes of preadolescent patients with isolated cleft palate using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Sixty-four preadolescent female patients with isolated cleft palate (incomplete hard palate and complete soft palate cleft group, n=51; complete cleft of the hard and soft palate group, n=13; the mean age when lateral cephalograms were taken, 7.08±0.76y) were included. Ten angular and 2 ratio cephalometric variables were measured on a lateral cephalogram. Cluster analysis was performed using 3 representative variables obtained from principal component analysis (SN-GoMe, SNA, and SNB). The differences in the variables among the clusters were characterized using the Kruskal-Wallis test. As a result of the analysis, 6 clusters were obtained from 3 groups: the retrusive maxilla and mandible group: cluster 3 (14.1%, moderately hyperdivergent pattern), cluster 5 (17.2%, severely hyperdivergent pattern); the normal maxilla and mandible group: cluster 1 (23.4%, normodivergent pattern), cluster 4 (12.5%, moderately hyperdivergent pattern), cluster 6 (20.3%, severely hyperdivergent pattern); the normal maxilla and protrusive mandible group: cluster 2 (12.5%, normodivergent pattern). The distribution of isolated cleft palate types did not differ among the 6 clusters ( P >0.05). Two thirds of the patients (68.7%, clusters 1, 2, 4, and 6) had a normal anteroposterior position of the maxilla, while one third of the patients (31.3%, clusters 3 and 5) showed a retrusive mandible. These results indicate that isolated cleft palate patients have diverse maxillo-mandibular growth patterns compared with patients with cleft lip and palate.

The purpose of this study was to classify the skeletal phenotypes of adult patients with skeletal class III (C-III) malocclusion and unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The samples consisted of 81 adult C-III patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who underwent orthognathic surgery (OGS) or distraction osteogenesis (59 males and 22 females; 50 unilateral cleft lip and palate and 31 bilateral cleft lip and palate; mean age when lateral cephalograms were taken, 22.2±4.6y). Thirteen angular and one ratio cephalometric variables were measured. Using 4 representative variables obtained from principal component analysis (SNA, SNB, Gonial angle, and Bjork sum), K-means cluster analysis was performed to classify the phenotypes. Then, statistical analysis was conducted to characterize the differences in the variables among the clusters. Five clusters were obtained from 3 groups: severely retrusive maxilla and moderately retrusive mandible group: cluster-1 (23.5%, severely hyperdivergent pattern), cluster-4 (27.2%, moderately hyperdivergent pattern), and cluster-5 (11.1%, normodivergent pattern); moderately retrusive maxilla and normal mandible group: cluster-2 (30.9%, normodivergent pattern); normal maxilla and moderately protrusive mandible group: cluster-3 (7.4%, normodivergent pattern). Although skeletal phenotypes were diverse, distribution of sex and cleft type did not differ among 5 clusters ( P >0.05). Sixty-two percent of cleft patients showed a severely retrusive maxilla and moderately retrusive mandible (cluster-1, cluster-4, and cluster-5), which indicated that these are the main cause of skeletal C-III malocclusion in CLP patients who were treated with OGS. Therefore, it is necessary to consider presurgical orthodontic treatment and surgical planning based on the skeletal phenotypes of CLP patients.

The subject of this work comprises legal norms related to Indigenous small-numbered peoples and traditional nature management, as well as provisions of strategic planning documents addressing this topic. The aim of the study is to formulate conclusions and proposals aimed at improving legal regulation in this area, based on an analysis of federal and regional legislation, strategic planning documents, and information about Indigenous small-numbered peoples, traditional nature management, and the state of the environment. The research employs general scientific, specialized, and specific methods, including synthesis, analysis, deduction, generalization, analogy, induction, formal legal method, and others. The relevance of the topic is underscored by two key factors. On the one hand, the right to traditional nature management is a crucial element in preserving the culture of Indigenous peoples residing in the Russian Federation, as it is through traditional economic activities that ethnic clothing, household items, folklore, and language are maintained. On the other hand, the ability to engage in traditional nature management is significantly impacted by both industrial development in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and the North in general, as well as climate change. Thus, there are numerous challenges in safeguarding the right to traditional nature management, which must be addressed, among other means, through legal regulation. The study presents several conclusions and proposals. For instance, given that traditional nature management is entirely dependent on the environment and natural resources, it seems logical to consider the possibility of its full implementation as an indicator of a favorable environmental state. The study also notes that the provisions of strategic planning documents concerning Indigenous small-numbered peoples can serve as a foundation for both improving existing legislation and developing new laws related to traditional nature management and environmental protection in the areas where it is practiced.

The article analyzes the returns of the 2010 and 2020 All-Russian censuses, focusing on linguistic practices of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Arctic. The authors take a comparative perspective to examine the ethnodemographic situation and current state of language preferences of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic through the lens of the census results and legal framework analysis. The research findings indicate that during the analyzed period, the population of the indigenous small-numbered peoples in the Russian Arctic increased, likely reflecting the impact of legislative and ideological initiatives focused on shaping indigenous identity. Similarly, there was a rise in their self-identification with the native languages. Yet, a downward trend in their native language proficiency allows concluding on the native language being mostly a symbol of national consciousness rather than a linguistic indicator. While more populous indigenous peoples have managed to preserve their attachment to the native language as they enjoy the practice of everyday communication in their mother tongue, the native languages of small-numbered indigenous peoples are more vulnerable and, as such, require a comprehensive approach to their ethnic identity and native languages’ preservation.

Introduction: national education and native language are potential points of safety and development for indigenous small-numbered peoples. Objective: to analyze the tendencies in the field of native language and national education of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Northern Tyumen region. Methods: descriptive and retrospective analysis of sociological monitoring was conducted from 1993 to 2011 over two-year intervals to reveal indigenous peoples’ problems. Results: in 1993, 35% of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Northern Tyumen region noted that they had mastered the native language, while only 24% did not master the language. Whereas towards 2011, only 6% of these peoples had mastered their native language and 65% had not mastered the language. At the end of our research, in 2011, an absolute majority of respondent indigenous peoples noted the need for lessons of their native language, 70% study in Russian language and 30% would like to study the native language. Conclusion: there is a tendency of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Northern Tyumen region to assimilate their native language and they have a high interest in having their native language included as a component of national education.

Protecting the Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions of Russia's Numerically-Small Indigenous Peoples: What Has Been Done, What Remains to Be Done

Sleep quality in patients studied with laboratory-based polysomnography may differ from sleep quality in patients studied at home but remains clinically relevant and important to describe. We assessed objective sleep quality and explored factors associated with poor sleep in patients undergoing laboratory-based polysomnography. We reviewed diagnostic polysomnography studies from a 10-year period at a single sleep center. Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) were assessed as markers of sleep quality. Poor sleep was defined as TST ≤ 4 hours or SE ≤ 50%. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine associations between objective sleep quality as an outcome and multiple candidate predictors including age, sex, race, body mass index, comorbidities, severity of obstructive sleep apnea, and central nervous system medications. Among 4957 patients (age 53 ± 15 years), average TST and median SE were 5.8 hours and 79%, respectively. There were 556 (11%) and 406 (8%) patients who had poor sleep based on TST and SE, respectively. In multivariable analysis, those who were older (per 10 years: 1.48 [1.34, 1.63]), male (1.38 [1.14,1.68]), and had severe obstructive sleep apnea (1.76 [1.28, 2.43]) were more likely to have short sleep. Antidepressant use was associated with lower odds of short sleep (0.77 [0.59,1.00]). Older age (per 10 years: 1.48 [1.34, 1.62]), male sex (1.34 [1.07,1.68]), and severe obstructive sleep apnea (2.16 [1.47, 3.21]) were associated with higher odds of poor SE. We describe TST and SE from a single sleep center cohort. Multiple demographic characteristics were associated with poor objective sleep in patients during laboratory-based polysomnography. Harrison EI, Roth RH, Lobo JM, et al. Sleep time and efficiency in patients undergoing laboratory-based polysomnography. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(8):1591-1598.

BackgroundModern instrumental analysis technology can provide various chemical data and information on tea samples. Unfortunately, it remains difficult to extract the useful information. We describe the use of chemical fingerprint similarities, combined with principal component and cluster analyses, to distinguish and recognize Pu-erh green teas, which from two tea mountains, Wuliang and Jingmai, in the Pu-erh district of Yunnan province. The volatile components of all 20 Pu-erh green teas (10 Wuliang and 10 Jingmai teas) were extracted and identified by headspace solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).ResultsSixty-three volatiles (including alcohols, hydrocarbons, ketones, and aldehydes) were identified in the 20 Pu-erh green teas, and differences in compound compositions between them were also observed. Through fingerprint similarity, combined with principal component and cluster analyses, the 20 Pu-erh green teas were differentiated successfully based on their volatile characteristics.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the GC-MS combined with chemical fingerprint and unsupervised pattern recognition method is suitable for the investigation of the volatile profiling and evaluating the quality and authenticity of teas related to the different origins.Graphical abstractDifferentiate Pu-erh green teas from different tea mountains by using chemical fingerprint similarity and multivariate statistical methodsElectronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-016-0159-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.