Age-related slowing of lower limbs visuomotor reaction time in 60-79 years old women

The athlete’s brain exhibits significant functional adaptations that facilitate visuomotor reaction performance. However, it is currently unclear if the same neurophysiological processes that differentiate athletes from non-athletes also determine performance within a homogeneous group of athletes. This information can provide valuable help for athletes and coaches aiming to optimize existing training regimes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the neurophysiological correlates of visuomotor reaction performance in a group of skilled athletes. In 36 skilled badminton athletes, electroencephalography (EEG) was used to investigate pattern reversal and motion onset visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) as well as visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) during a simple reaction task. Stimulus-locked and response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) in visual and motor regions as well as the onset of muscle activation (EMG onset) were determined. Correlation and multiple regression analyses identified the neurophysiological parameters predicting EMG onset and VMRT. For pattern reversal stimuli, the P100 latency and age best predicted EMG onset (r = 0.43; p = .003) and VMRT (r = 0.62; p = .001). In the motion onset experiment, EMG onset (r = 0.80; p < .001) and VMRT (r = 0.78; p < .001) were predicted by N2 latency and age. In both conditions, cortical potentials in motor regions were not correlated with EMG onset or VMRT. It is concluded that previously identified neurophysiological parameters differentiating athletes from non-athletes do not necessarily determine performance within a homogeneous group of athletes. Specifically, the speed of visual perception/processing predicts EMG onset and VMRT in skilled badminton players while motor-related processes, although differentiating athletes from non-athletes, are not associated simple with visuomotor reaction performance.

While the resting-state individual alpha frequency (IAF) is related to the cognitive performance and temporal resolution of visual perception, it remains unclear how it affects the neural correlates of visual perception and reaction processes. This study aimed to unravel the relation between IAF, visual perception, and visuomotor reaction time. One hundred forty-eight (148) participants (28 non-athletes, 39 table tennis players, and 81 badminton players) investigated in three previous studies were considered. During a visuomotor reaction task, the visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) and EMG onset were determined. In addition, a 64-channel EEG system identified the N2, N2-r, and BA6 negativity potentials representing the visual and motor processes related to visuomotor reactions. Resting-state individual alpha frequency (IAF) in visual and motor regions was compared based on sport experience (athletes vs. non-athletes), discipline (badminton vs. table tennis), and reaction performance (fast vs. medium vs. slow reaction time). Further, the differences in the IAF were determined in relation to the speed of neural visual (high vs. medium vs. low N2/N2-r latency) and motor (high vs. medium vs. low BA6 negativity latency). Group comparisons did not reveal any difference in the IAF between athletes and non-athletes (p = 0.352, ηp2 = 0.02) or badminton and table tennis players (p = 0.221, ηp2 = 0.02). Similarly, classification based on the behavioral or neural performance indicators did not reveal any effects on the IAF (p ≥ 0.158, ηp2 ≤ 0.027). IAF was not correlated to any of the behavioral or neural parameters (r ≤ 0.10, p ≥ 0.221). In contrast to behavioral results on cognitive performance and visual temporal resolution, the resting state IAF seemed unrelated to the visual perception and visuomotor reaction speed in simple reaction tasks. Considering the previous results on the correlations between the IAF, cognitive abilities, and temporal sampling of visual information, the results suggest that a higher IAF may facilitate the amount and frequency but not the speed of information transfer.

ABSTRACTThe importance of visuomotor reactions in sports is inevitable; however, its assessment using computer-based tests raises the question, if results are transferable to sport-specific situations. Since computer-based simple reaction tests are widely used by sport scientists and practioners, this study examined their relation to sport-specific visuomotor reaction speed and performance. Seventeen international young elite table tennis players performed a simple visuomotor reaction test in response to stimuli presented on a computer screen (laboratory experiment) as well as table tennis balls played by a ball robot (sport-specific experiment). A sport-specific cued choice reaction task served as a control condition. The visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) was determined for all tasks. In addition, neurophysiological correlates of visual perception/processing speed (N2/N2-r) were measured in the laboratory experiment. The VMRT and neurophysiological parameters measured in the laboratory experiment predicted the sport-specific reaction speed (VMRT: r = 0.62; N2: r = 0.51; N2-r: r = −0.47) as well as sport-specific visuomotor performance reflected by the number of successfully hit balls (VMRT: r = −0.68; N2: r = −0.65; N2-r: r = 0.50). This did not apply to the choice reaction task. This study suggests computer-based behavioural and neurophysiological indices of visuomotor reaction time are directly related to the sport-specific visuomotor speed and performance in a more ecologically valid setting.

Purpose: Recent research in adult badminton athletes has shown the visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) is strongly dependent on the speed of visual signal perception and processing in the brain’s visual motion system. However, it remains unclear if this relation can be confirmed for other visuomotor demanding disciplines as well as different age groups. This study aimed to validate previous findings in international elite youth table tennis players to shed light on the generalizability of neural performance determinants across different visuomotor demanding sports and age groups.Methods: Thirty-seven young elite international table tennis players (18 male, 19 female, mean age: 13.5 years) from 23 nations participated in this study. Participants performed a visuomotor reaction task in response to visual motion stimuli presented at two different motion velocity conditions. Visuomotor performance was evaluated by measuring the electromyographic (EMG) onset as well as the VMRT. In addition, a 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) system was used to investigate the stimulus and response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) in the brain’s visual motion sensitive area MT as well as the pre- and supplementary motor cortex indicating the speed of cortical visual and motor information processing, respectively. Correlation and multiple regression analyses identified the neural processes determining visuomotor performance.Results: The VMRT (232 vs. 258 ms, P < 0.001, d = −2.33) and EMG onset (181 vs. 206 ms, P < 0.001, d = −2.14) were accelerated in the fast motion velocity condition which was accompanied by an earlier stimulus-locked N2 (187 vs. 193 ms, P < 0.001, d = −0.80) and later response-locked N2-r (17 vs. −0.1 ms, P < 0.001, d = 1.04). The N2 and N2-r latencies were correlated with EMG onset and VMRT in both velocity conditions and explained between 80% and 90% of the variance in visuomotor reaction speed. Neural processes in BA6 did not differ between stimulus velocity conditions and did not contribute to the regression model.Conclusion: The results validate our previous findings and support the importance of neural visual processes for the visuomotor reaction speed across different visuomotor demanding sports and age groups. This suggests the visual system might be a promising target for specific visual diagnostics and training interventions.

INTRODUCTION Numerous investigations have documented elevated risk for musculoskeletal injury following sport-related concussion, which suggests that an unrecognized vulnerability persists beyond the resolution of symptoms and return to sport participation. Improved clinical testing methods are needed to better assess the interrelated neurocognitive and neuromuscular capabilities of athletes who may have elevated susceptibility to MSK injury, and possible risk for long- term alterations in brain function, despite resolution of overt concussion symptoms. The term “neuromechanics” refers to the study of interactions between neural, biomechanical, and environmental dynamics We use the term “neuromechanical responsiveness” (NMR) to designate the ability to optimally integrate neurocognitive and neuromuscular processes during participation in sport-related activities. NMR testing may play an critical role in optimizing safe return to play circumstances. METHODS A cohort of 48 elite athletes (34 males: 23.8 ± 4.4 yr; 14 females: 25.4 ± 4.5 yr) performed visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) tests involving rapid manual contact with illuminated target buttons that included 2 dual-task conditions: 1) simultaneous oral recitation of scrolling text (VMRT + ST) and 2) simultaneous verbal responses to identify the right or left direction indicated by the center arrow of the Eriksen flanker test (VMRT + FT). A whole-body reactive agility (WBRA) test requiring side-shuffle movements in response to visual targets was used to assess reaction time, speed, acceleration, and deceleration. RESULTS Concussion occurrence at 2.0 ± 2.3 yr prior to testing was reported by 21 athletes. Strong univariable associations were found for VMRT + FT left minus right difference = 15 ms (OR = 7.14), VMRT + ST outer 2-ring to inner 3-ring ratio = 1.28 (OR = 4.58), and WBRA speed asymmetry = 7.7% (OR = 4.67). A large VMRT + FT X VMRT + ST interaction effect was identified (OR = 25.00). Recursive partitioning identified a 3-way VMRT + FT X VMRT + ST X WBRA interaction that had 100% positive predictive value for identification of athletes with concussion history, whereas negative status on all 3 factors provided 90% negative predictive value. CONCLUSION Performance on dual-task VMRT tests and the WBRA test identified NMR deficiencies among elite athletes who reported a history of concussion.

Deficits in reaction time, decreased self-reported knee function, and elevated levels of injury-related fear have been observed in individuals who sustain anterior cruciate ligament injury. Understanding the relationship between these variables may provide the impetus to further investigate effective intervention strategies to address these deficits in individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). To examine the relationship between injury-related fear and lower-extremity visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) in individuals with a history of ACLR. A secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between self-reported knee function and lower-extremity VMRT in individuals with a history of ACLR. Cross-sectional study. Laboratory. Twenty participants between the ages of 18-35years, with history of unilateral ACLR within the last 10 years, who injured their knee playing or training for organized or recreational sports. Scores on the athlete fear avoidance questionnaire, the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ), the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score, and reaction time (in seconds) on the lower-extremity VMRT task using the FitLight Trainer™, bilaterally. Spearman Rho correlations examined the relationship between the dependent variables. There was a moderate positive correlation between VMRT and FABQ-total (r = .62, P < .01), FABQ-sport (r = .56, P = .01), and FABQ-physical activity (r = .64, P < .01) for the injured limb. Correlations between FABQ scores and VMRT for the uninjured limb were weak positive correlations (r = .36-.41, P > .05). Weak correlations between the osteoarthritis outcome score subscales, athlete fear avoidance questionnaire, and VMRT were observed for the injured limb (P > .05). Individuals with a history of ACLR who exhibited elevated levels of injury-related fear demonstrated slower VMRT. There were no relationships between self-reported knee function and VMRT. Future research should explore interventions to address injury-related fear and VMRT in individuals after ACLR.

Event Abstract Back to Event The Effect Of Acute Sports Concussion on Corticomotor Excitability in Australian Football Players. Alan Pearce1*, Mark Rogers1, Daniel Corp1, Brendan Major1 and Kate Hoy2 1 Deakin University, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia 2 Monash University, Monash Alfred Psychiatric research centre, Australia This study measured neurophysiological, motor and neurocognitive changes during the acute phase following a concussion in Australian football players. Forty males (mean 25.7±4.5yrs) from one club participated in the study. Prior to the start of the football season, all participants completed measures of visuomotor reaction and movement time, and neurocognitive assessments (implicit learning/attentional shifting). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure corticomotor excitability, and intracortical inhibition (cortical silent period [cSP], short-interval intracortical inhibition [SICI]). As participants sustained a concussion they were tested at 48 and 96 hours, and 10 days post concussion. Players who did not receive a concussion returned to the laboratory for comparative testing at similar time points. Mixed-design repeated measures ANOVA (with post-hocs) was used to compare differences across groups and time. During the course of the season 8 players (mean 25.0±4.6yrs) were diagnosed having sustained a concussion, compared to 15 non-injured players (mean 25.3±4.4yrs). Concussed players showed slowing in reaction time (F2, 40=12.2; p<.001) at 48 hours (44.8ms; p<.001) and 96 hours (15ms; p=.02). Similarly, concussed players showed slowing in movement time (F2,40=3.27; p=.04) at 48 hours (29.33ms; p=.04) post concussion. Implicit learning showed no change, however concussed players performed significantly worse in the attentional shifting task (F2, 40=12.57; p=<.001) at 48 (p=.02) and 96 hours (p=.01). No differences between groups were found in corticomotor excitability or SICI. cSP significantly lengthened in the concussed group (F2, 40=5.99; p=.002), showing a mean increase of 13 ms (p=.04) and 15 ms (p=.02) at 48 and 96 hours respectively. In summary, following a concussion injury, intracortical inhibition is increased in the acute phase, visuomotor reaction and movement time performance is slowed, and attention-shifting ability is reduced. Keywords: Attention, Football, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, intracortical inhibition, Sports-related concussion, Visuomotor performance, Corticomotor Excitability Conference: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 27 Jul - 31 Jul, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Motor Behaviour Citation: Pearce A, Rogers M, Corp D, Major B and Hoy K (2015). The Effect Of Acute Sports Concussion on Corticomotor Excitability in Australian Football Players.. Conference Abstract: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.217.00283 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 19 Feb 2015; Published Online: 24 Apr 2015. * Correspondence: Dr. Alan Pearce, Deakin University, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Melbourne, Australia, alan.pearce@latrobe.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Alan Pearce Mark Rogers Daniel Corp Brendan Major Kate Hoy Google Alan Pearce Mark Rogers Daniel Corp Brendan Major Kate Hoy Google Scholar Alan Pearce Mark Rogers Daniel Corp Brendan Major Kate Hoy PubMed Alan Pearce Mark Rogers Daniel Corp Brendan Major Kate Hoy Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Aim. The purpose of the study is to look into the visuomotor reaction time (simple and complex reaction time) of combat sports athletes. Material and method. Sixty-eight participants (M age = 21.85) took part in the research. For assessing simple reaction time and choice reaction time two computerized tests were used (TRS and RCMV, respectively), calibrated on the Romanian population by RQ Plus company. Results. Analysis of variances and Tukey post-hoc test for equal variances were performed to verify the differences in terms of choice and simple reaction time, according to martial arts athletes’ sports level. Also, gender-related differences were examined (considering the visuomotor reaction time), using the Goodman and Kruskal tau association test. Data analysis showed that athletes with superior results in competitions registered a faster choice reaction time (even if the difference was not statistically significant). Considering simple reaction time values, the difference between combat sports athletes (according to sports performances) was almost nonexistent. Also, male athletes obtained better values for simple reaction time and slightly better results for choice reaction time than female athletes. Conclusions. Combat sports athletes having international performances registered better values for choice reaction time, compared to athletes having national, respectively regional/local results. A significant link was found between athletes’ gender and martial arts athletes’ results for simple reaction time, with male athletes obtaining better scores.

Elite/skilled athletes participating in sports that require the initiation of targeted movements in response to visual cues under critical time pressure typically outperform nonathletes in a visuomotor reaction task. However, the exact physiological mechanisms of this advantage remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the neurophysiological processes contributing to superior visuomotor performance in athletes using visual evoked potential (VEP). Central and peripheral determinants of visuomotor reaction time were investigated in 15 skilled badminton players and 28 age-matched nonathletic controls. To determine the speed of visual signal perception in the cortex, chromatic and achromatic pattern reversal stimuli were presented, and VEP values were recorded with a 64-channel EEG system. Further, a simple visuomotor reaction task was performed to investigate the transformation of the visual into a motor signal in the brain as well as the timing of muscular activation. Amplitude and latency of VEP (N75, P100, and N145) revealed that the athletes did not significantly differ from the nonathletes. However, visuomotor reaction time was significantly reduced in the athletes compared with nonathletes (athletes = 234.9 ms, nonathletes = 260.3 ms, P = 0.015). This was accompanied by an earlier activation of the premotor and supplementary motor areas (athletes = 163.9 ms, nonathletes = 199.1 ms, P = 0.015) as well as an earlier EMG onset (athletes = 167.5 ms, nonathletes = 206.5 ms, P < 0.001). The latency of premotor and supplementary motor area activation was correlated with EMG onset (r = 0.41) and visuomotor reaction time (r = 0.43). The results of this study indicate that superior visuomotor performance in athletes originates from faster visuomotor transformation in the premotor and supplementary motor cortical regions rather than from earlier perception of visual signals in the visual cortex.

IntroductionIt is well established that reaction time and IQ test scores are correlated, although the strength of this relationship is a matter of debate (Neisser et al., 1996). It was proposed that processing speed is a component of intelligence (Deary, Penke, &amp; Johnson, 2010; Hunt, 2011). In our previous research we have not revealed the relationship between IQ and reaction time in children (Kiselev et al., 2000). However, it is possible that reaction time can predict intelligence test scores in the developmental perspective.ObjectivesThis study investigated whether visuomotor reaction time in 5 year-old children predicts intelligence test scores in 8 year-old children using the longitudinal approach.MethodsThe participants were 35 children (17 males and 18 females) at the age of 5 years (5,34±0,45). We used computerized sensorimotor technique (Kiselev et al., 2009) to investigate visuomotor reaction time in children. Children completed simple, discrimination and choice reaction time tasks. The IQ of 8-year children was assessed by the WISC.ResultsThe regression analysis has revealed the significant (p≤0,05) relationships between discrimination and choice reaction time tasks in 5 years-old children and non-verbal IQ performance in these children at 8 years of age. However, we did not find this relationship for simple reaction time task.ConclusionsIn view of obtained results it can be assumed that visuomotor reaction time in preschool children can predict non-verbal intelligence test scores in the developmental perspective. The received data can give new perspective in the understanding the interrelation between reaction time and IQ in children.

Neurocognitive reaction time has been associated with musculoskeletal injury risk, but visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) derived from tests that present greater challenges to visual stimulus detection and motor response execution may have a stronger association. To assess VMRT as a predictor of injury and the extent to which improvement may result from VMRT training. Cohort study. University athletic performance center. 76 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division-I FCS football players (19.5 ± 1.4 y, 1.85 ± 0.06 m, 102.98 ± 19.06 kg). Preparticipation and postseason assessments. A subset of players who exhibited slowest VMRT in relation to the cohort's postseason median value participated in a 6-wk training program. Injury occurrence was related to preparticipation VMRT, which was represented by both number of target hits in 60 s and average elapsed time between hits (ms). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified the optimum cut point for a binary injury risk classification. A nonparametric repeated-measures analysis of ranks procedure was used to compare posttraining VMRT values for slow players who completed at least half of the training sessions (n = 15) with those for untrained fast players (n = 27). A preparticipation cut point of ≤85 hits (≥705 ms) discriminated injured from noninjured players with odds ratio = 2.30 (90% confidence interval, 1.05-5.06). Slow players who completed the training exhibited significant improvement in visuomotor performance compared with baseline (standardized response mean = 2.53), whereas untrained players exhibited a small performance decrement (group × trial interaction effect, L2 = 28.74; P < .001). Slow VMRT appears to be an important and modifiable injury risk factor for college football players. More research is needed to refine visuomotor reaction-time screening and training methods and to determine the extent to which improved performance values can reduce injury incidence.

Fast visuomotor reaction time (VMRT), the time required to recognize and respond to sequentially appearing visual stimuli, allows an athlete to successfully respond to stimuli during sports participation, while slower VMRT has been associated with increased injury risk. Light-based systems are capable of measuring both upper- and lower-extremity VMRT; however, the reliability of these assessments are not known. To determine the reliability of an upper- and lower-extremity VMRT task using a light-based trainer system. Reliability study. Laboratory. Patients (or Other Participants): Twenty participants with no history of injury in the last 12 months. Participants reported to the laboratory on 2 separate testing sessions separated by 1 week. For both tasks, participants were instructed to extinguish a random sequence of illuminated light-emitting diode disks, which appeared one at a time as quickly as possible. Participants were provided a series of practice trials before completing the test trials. VMRT was calculated as the time in seconds between target hits, where higher VMRT represented slower reaction time. Separate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine test-retest reliability for each task. The SEM and minimal detectable change values were determined to examine clinical applicability. The right limb lower-extremity reliability was excellent (ICC2,1 = .92; 95% CI, .81-.97). Both the left limb (ICC2,1 = .80; 95% CI, .56-.92) and upper-extremity task (ICC2,1 = .86; 95% CI, .65-.95) had good reliability. Both VMRT tasks had clinically acceptable reliability in a healthy, active population. Future research should explore further applications of these tests as an outcome measure following rehabilitation for health conditions with known VMRT deficits.

Recent research suggests that stroboscopic training is an effective tool to improve visual and visuomotor performance. However, many studies were limited by small samples, short training interventions, inexperienced athletes, and an exclusive focus on short-term effects. This first part of the study evaluates the short- and long-term effects of stroboscopic training on visuomotor reaction speed in elite athletes. Forty-five young elite badminton athletes participated in this study, of which 32 (13.7 yr) were included in the final data analysis. Participants were assigned to an intervention (stroboscopic vision) or control group (normal vision). Both groups performed identical badminton-specific training drills implemented into the regular training schedule. Before and after a 10-wk training period and after a 6-wk retention interval, athletes performed a laboratory reaction test to determine EMG onset and visuomotor reaction time (VMRT). In addition, a field test investigated stroboscopic training effects on the quality of ball-racquet contact and net drop performance. VMRT decreased immediately after stroboscopic training (pre, 251 ms; post, 238 ms; P = 0.005, d = 0.63), and reactions remained significantly faster after the retention interval (retention, 241 ms; P = 0.041, d = 0.50). Analyses on EMG onset data suggested these adaptations were attributable to the premotor rather than the motor time. VMRT remained unchanged in the control group (pre, 252 ms; post, 256; retention, 253 ms; P > 0.99). Field test performance improvements were observed for the quality of ball-racquet contact and net drop performance; however, changes were not different between groups. Stroboscopic training induced short- and long-term accelerations of visuomotor reaction speed in elite badminton players. Stroboscopic eyewear may be an effective training tool to accelerate visuomotor reactions in highly skilled athletes.

Athletes participating in ball or racquet sports have to respond to visual stimuli under critical time pressure. Previous studies used visual contrast stimuli to determine visual perception and visuomotor reaction in athletes and nonathletes; however, ball and racquet sports are characterized by motion rather than contrast visual cues. Because visual contrast and motion signals are processed in different cortical regions, this study aimed to determine differences in perception and processing of visual motion between athletes and nonathletes. Twenty-five skilled badminton players and 28 age-matched nonathletic controls participated in this study. Using a 64-channel EEG system, we investigated visual motion perception/processing in the motion-sensitive middle temporal (MT) cortical area in response to radial motion of different velocities. In a simple visuomotor reaction task, visuomotor transformation in Brodmann area 6 (BA6) and BA4 as well as muscular activation (EMG onset) and visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) were investigated. Stimulus- and response-locked potentials were determined to differentiate between perceptual and motor-related processes. As compared with nonathletes, athletes showed earlier EMG onset times (217 vs 178 ms, P < 0.001), accompanied by a faster VMRT (274 vs 243 ms, P < 0.001). Furthermore, athletes showed an earlier stimulus-locked peak activation of MT (200 vs 182 ms, P = 0.002) and BA6 (161 vs 137 ms, P = 0.009). Response-locked peak activation in MT was later in athletes (-7 vs 26 ms, P < 0.001), whereas no group differences were observed in BA6 and BA4. Multiple regression analyses with stimulus- and response-locked cortical potentials predicted EMG onset (r = 0.83) and VMRT (r = 0.77). The athletes' superior visuomotor performance in response to visual motion is primarily related to visual perception and, to a minor degree, to motor-related processes.

The purpose of this study was to compare visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) in collegiate athletes based on ankle sprain history. Participants included athletes with ankle sprain history (n = 18) and athletes with no ankle sprain history (n = 33). Participants completed an upper-extremity VMRT task which was comprised of eight wireless light-emitting diode sensors. The difference between reaction time (sec) and the number of “Hits” and “Misses” were compared between groups. The ankle sprain history group had significantly slower VMRT compared to the no ankle sprain history group with moderate effect sizes. However, there was no difference in the number of “Hits” or “Misses” between groups, despite observing moderate effect sizes. This result suggests that VMRT may be a potential target for prevention and rehabilitation strategies in individuals with ankle sprains. However, further research is needed to better understand the role of VMRT on the risk of ankle sprains.