Age-related anomalies of electrocardiograms in patients from areas with differential Seroprevalence of Chagas disease in Southern Bolivia

Temporal Trends in Rural vs Urban Sepsis-Related Mortality in the United States, 2010-2019

Background: Non-communicable diseases are major health burden in the industrialized countries, and are increasing rapidly in developing countries like India due to demographic transition and changing lifestyles among people. Major Non communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases, renal, nervous and mental diseases, musculoskeletal conditions, chronic non-specific respiratory diseases, permanent results of accidents senility, blindness, cancers, diabetes, obesity and various other metabolic and degenerative diseases and chronic results of communicable diseases. The aims and objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of cardio vascular disease risk factors among the study population above 15 years age group and to compare the study results between urban and rural area population. Methods: A total of 1400 persons in the age group of above 15 years were interviewed at their residence and anthropometric measurements were taken. The study design was on community based cross-sectional study. The study setting was on urban health centre, Harazpenta and rural health centre, Patancheruvu. The study population was on adults above 15 years of age in Harazpenta and Patancheruvu. The sample size was 700 urban, 700 rural population. The study period was on April 2008 to May 2009 (1 year). The data collection was by using pre-designed, pretested questionnaire. The data analysis was by using MS office 2003, Epiinfo 2007. The statistical test was on rates, ratios, proportions and Chi-square tests. Results: Smoking habit was more (19.2%) among urban population when compare to the rural (13.4%) population, alcohol use was 24%, when compared to 30.7% was alcohol use in rural area. In urban area 13.7% of population led with sedentary life, where as in rural area 3.3% only. Among urban population prevalence of obesity was 12.7% compared to 5.4% in rural population, prevalence of hypertension in urban area 18.7% and rural area 20%, In urban area prevalence of diabetes was 14.4% and in rural area. Conclusions: Smoking habit was more (19.2%) among urban population when compare to the rural (13.4%) population, in urban area alcohol use was 24%, whereas in rural area 30.7%. In the study population 14.5% of urban males led a sedentary life style, when compared with 5.1% of males in the rural area. Among urban population prevalence of obesity was 12.7% compared to 5.4% in rural area.

To assess the clinical and virological status in urban and rural populations. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak for a period of six months. Upper respiratory tract (URT) specimens including nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from the patients and their contacts and processed by RT-PCR technique for COVID-19 detection. Further, clinical and virological response in both the population were assessed and compared. A total of 37,724 URT samples were tested, out of which 20,144 (53%) samples were from the rural population and 17,580 (47%) from the urban population. Out of the total samples from urban and rural population, COVID-19 positivity was 13.9% in urban population and 6.2% in rural population. Around 86% patients or contacts were asymptomatic in both the rural and urban population and rests were symptomatic 14%. Among the symptomatic patients, sore throat was seen as the most common presenting symptom (95-100%) followed by fever (80-83%), dry cough (55-61%), nasal discharge (18-23%), and breathlessness (3-5%) in both the rural and urban population. Our outcomes provide novel facts that the COVID-19 epidemic severely affected both rural and urban populations but with few differences. In our study, positivity rate in case of urban population was 13.9% as compared to 6.2% in rural population. There are two foremost facets that contributed variation in positivity in both the population. First, better immune response in rural population as compared to urban population which can be due to the fact that rural people in India are more exposed to various pathogens during their early lifetime thus, improving their immune status. Second, factor could be elevated population densities in urban areas which can contribute to increased infectiousness thus higher positivity rate. In addition, people living in urban population have to commute more for their work and are exposed to more people throughout the day thus, having more possibility to get infection of COVID-19 as compared to the rural population. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies conducted on COVID-19, among rural population of Haryana. Hence, this study will allow us to fill the gap in knowledge about the variation in contagion spread and immune response in both rural and urban populations.

Introduction:Developing country, like India intestinal parasitic infections are still remaining as the most important health problem in public of concern. The infection remains the most leading cause of morbidity and mortality especially among the childrens. It is presumed that the prevalence is high in developing countries probably due to poor sanitary conditions and improper personal hygiene practice.Aim:The main aim of this study was carried to find out the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among rural and urban population of Puducherry, India.Materials and Methods:This is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out between the period September 2016 to December 2018. Random sampling was adopted to collect stool samples from urban and rural population in Puducherry. A door to door survey was done. Stool samples were collected from rural setting (n = 500) and urban setting (n = 506) and transport to the parasitology section, Dept. of Microbiology, JIPMER were subjected to routine stool investigations. The results were recorded, and data were presented in the form of frequency and distribution. Data entry was done in MS Excel and analysis was carried out in SPSS software version 22.Results:Among the rural and urban population, 500 stool samples from the rural population showed nearly 40.4% intestinal parasites Giardia intestinalis (21.2%), Blastocystis spp (8.8%), Entamoeba spp (6.6%), hookworm (2.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1%), Hymenolepis nana (0%) and 506 stool samples from urban population showed 20.3% of intestinal parasites (Giardia intestinalis (10.4%), Blastocystis spp (3.7%), Entamoeba spp (3.3%), hookworm (1.7%), Hymenolepis nana (0.9%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0%). There was a noticeable male predominance pattern (31.4%) compared to female showing 29.1% positivity. The increase in the prevalence of intestinal parasites among rural population than the urban population was statistically significant.Conclusion:The stool samples collected from rural population showed high prevalence of intestinal parasite infestation when compared to urban population, hence necessary interventions like health education, awareness creation and medical intervention should be undertaken particularly among the rural population. In our study population, age group between 1-10 years are predominantly infected with these parasites.

Background: The incidence of diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide and it involves both rural and urban population. Majority of diabetes consequences occur due to its complication that brought a significant burden to pts as well as health care system. Aim: To assess the prevalence of diabetic complications in urban and rural population. Study design: Cross-section descriptive study. Methodology: Present study enrolled 1000 diabetic patients visiting urban and rural health facilities. The type-2 diabetic patients aged 18-70 years were included. Data was collected through questionnaire; data was entered and analyzed in SPSS Vr 24.0 Results: Among 600 patients of urban area, 62.6% were males while among 600 patients of rural area, 82.2% were male. From urban area, 51.2% patients and from rural area, 57.8% patients were above 50 years old. In urban area, 52% patients had infected wounds, 43.8% had cataract, 38.8% had heart problems and 36.1% had stroke. Among rural patients, 48.5% had infected wounds, 38% had diabetic foot, 47.5% had cataract, 33.5% had renal failure and 52.3% had heart problems. In urban population, non-compliance of medication (69%) while in rural population, lack of routine investigations (90.1%) were main factors associated with diabetic complications. Conclusion: Study concluded that diabetic complications were prevalent in both urban and rural areas but rural population was more effected than urban population. Keywords: Prevalence, Diabetes, Complications, Urban and Rural Population.

Background: With the increase in internet usage in today’s time, the incidence of internet addiction has also increased. College students are especially vulnerable to internet, because of availability of time, unlimited access, limited parental supervision and the psychological and developmental characteristics of young adulthood. Objective of this study is to identify internet addiction among urban and rural youth population. Method: This cross sectional study was carried among urban and rural population in the locality of Sangli district, Maharashtra, India. A total of 200 students having an access to internet were selected by simple random sampling. Young’s Internet addiction scale, consisting of 20-item, based upon five-point Likert scale was used and subjects were classified accordingly. Result: The prevalence of internet addiction among urban population is 65% while in rural population is 70%. Mild IA was common among both populations while severe IA is seen more in rural population. As far as gender is considered, the prevalence is similar in male and female sample. The addicts use internet preferably for social media and social purposes. Conclusions:In this study, Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is used which is a simple and easy tool to assess Internet addiction among urban and rural youth population. It is necessary to adopt multi-sectoral approach to improve education among urban and rural youth population.

Population Structure in Cartographic Representation

HIV estimation has become a standard tool for understanding the epidemic. Although the majority of India’s population lives in rural areas, to date, an exploration of the urban and rural HIV epidemic has not been undertaken. The objective of this study is to develop HIV estimation based on urban and rural adult populations in selected states of India to understand the difference in HIV related indices geographically. Ten states were selected based on HIV prevalence levels-Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, and Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Odisha and Jharkhand. Spectrum, version 4.53 beta 19, was used. Data files of Indian national estimation, 2010-11 which included population, HIV Sentinel Surveillance, Integrated Bio Behavioral Assessment and program coverage data, were used and alterations made wherever necessary. The urban and rural sub epidemic structures and their subpopulations were separately configured in the Estimation projection package and curve fitting done. Outputs for each state were separately analyzed. Findings show that HIV prevalence is lower in urban than rural areas in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra; in Karnataka there is no difference in HIV prevalence in the urban and rural populations; and in the remaining seven states urban HIV prevalence is higher as compared to rural HIV prevalence. In the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Odisha and Punjab, the number of people living with HIV, new HIV infections and deaths among people living with HIV is higher in the rural than in the urban population. An early and lower peak in HIV prevalence and incidence in the urban population was seen in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Naga-land, while in Maharashtra the rural peak was earlier and higher. Mizoram shows an earlier and lower peak in the rural population while Manipur shows an earlier and higher urban peak. In Odisha, the epidemic peaked earlier and was lower in the rural than the urban population. HIV prevalence in the urban population in Punjab was still peaking while HIV incidence was earlier and lower in the rural population. In Jharkhand, both urban and rural HIV prevalence and incidence are still increasing. Our findings indicate lower levels of HIV prevalence and incidence in the urban population as compared to the rural populations in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. In the remaining eight states, urban prevalence and incidence are higher than their rural counterparts. Future estimations of the HIV epidemic in the country need to adopt a similar approach to inform the design of appropriate state-level strategies for HIV prevention in urban and rural areas.

Introduction: Although gastroparesis is debilitating disease with high comorbidity burden, the data on the epidemiology of this disease is limited. We aim to determine rural vs urban differences in outcomes of hospitalized gastroparesis patients. Methods: We utilized the National Readmission Database (2010-2017) to study the outcomes of rural and urban populations in patients with history of gastroparesis. Associations of rural population with readmission and hospital resource utilization were computed in multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, presence of hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, obesity, chronic kidney disease, pneumonia, HIV, alcohol use, smoking, disposition, teaching hospital status and insurance type. Results: During 2010 – 2017, 2,053,840 patients (mean age 52.8 ± 17.2, 65.3% females) with history of gastroparesis had indexed hospital admissions (Table). In all, 214,711 (10.5%) patients were residing in rural area. The diabetes mellitus was highly prevalent (69.7%) in gastroparesis population. Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, end stage renal disease, diabetic complications, HIV and history of malignancy were more common in urban population whereas coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were more prevalent in rural population. The 30-day readmission rates (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86-0.92), median cost ($22,634 IQR: 12,850,42,658 vs 31,394 17,443-59,734) (β: -13316, 95% CI -15264 to-11367) and median length of stay (4 days IQR: 2,6 vs 4 days IQR: 2,7 β: -0.97, 95% CI: -1.1 to -0.83) were lower in rural vs urban hospitalizations (Figure). The in-hospital mortality was similar in both groups. Diabetic ketoacidosis was the most common reason for 30-day readmission in rural population whereas diabetic neuropathy was the most common cause of readmission in urban group. The trends of 30-day readmission were improving in urban populations from 2010 to 2017. Conclusion: The hospitalized rural gastroparesis population has lower comorbidity burden as compared to urban population. The 30-day readmission rates, hospital cost and length of stay were much lower in the rural population.Figure 1.: A) Kaplan Meier curve showing 30 days readmission of hospitalized rural vs urban gastroparesis population. B) Trends of 30-day readmission of gastroparesis hospitalized patient from 2010 to 2017. Table 1. - Baseline characteristics of gastroparesis indexed admissions from 2010- 2017 Variables n=number of patients Total gastroparesis patients (n=2,384,095) Rural population (n =330,292) Urban population (n=2,053,840) P-value Age 53.0 ± 16.7 53.5 ± 16.5 52.9 ± 16.7 < 0.001 Female 1,556,551 (65.3) 214,711 (65.0) 1,341,840 (65.3) 0.27 Smoker 511,931 (21.5) 73,127 (22.1) 438,805 (21.4) 0.02 Alcohol 47,458 (2.0) 5,884 (1.8) 41,575 (2.0) < 0.001 Obesity 405,670 (17.0) 56,092 (17.0) 349,578 (17.0) 0.86 Hypertension 1,039,488 (62.4) 134,978 (60.9) 904,510 (62.6) < 0.001 Type 1 DM 411,749 (17.3) 59,162 (17.9) 352,587 (17.2) 0.005 Type 2 DM 1,248,767 (52.4) 175,134 (53) 1,073,634 (52.3) 0.03 Diabetic retinopathy 198,473 (8.3) 22,905 (6.9) 175,568 (8.6) < 0.001 Diabetic neuropathy 627,526 (26.3) 88,362 (26.8) 539,164 (26.3) 0.18 Diabetic nephropathy 259,042 (10.9) 32,852 (10.0) 226,190 (11.0) < 0.001 COPD 174,409 (7.3) 30,971 (9.4) 143,438 (7.0) < 0.001 Coronary artery disease 565,482 (23.7) 82,628 (25.0) 482,854 (23.5) < 0.001 Congestive heart failure 728,433 (30.6) 100,306 (30.4) 628,127 (30.6) 0.5 Chronic kidney disease 552,153 (23.2) 71,564 (21.7) 480,589 (23.4) < 0.001 ESRD 334,265 (14.0) 35,575 (10.8) 298,690 (14.5) < 0.001 Malnutrition 217,134 (9.1) 30,010 (9.1) 187,124 (9.1) 0.89 Pneumonia 163,785 (6.9) 26,115 (7.9) 137,670 (6.7) < 0.001 HIV 15,842 (0.7) 1,086 (0.3) 14,757 (0.7) < 0.001 History of malignancy 126,355 (5.3) 15,813 (4.8) 110,542 (5.4) < 0.001 Peptic ulcer disease 200,478 (8.4) 26,184 (7.9) 174,294 (8.5) 0.005 Nonvariceal upper GI bleeding 87,294 (3.7) 10.969 (3.3) 76,325 (3.7) < 0.001 Lower GI bleeding 86,666 (3.6) 11,792 (3.6) 74,873 (3.7) 0.34 Septic shock 36,783 (1.5) 4,540 (1.4) 32,244 (1.6) < 0.001 ICU admission 89,768 (3.8) 10,958 (3.3) 78,810 (3.8) < 0.001 Teaching hospital 1,366,346 (57.3) 79,730 (24.1) 1,286,616 (62.6) < 0.001 Insurance Medicare 1,270,059 (53.4) 187,504 (57) 1,082,555 (52.8) < 0.001 Medicaid 473,251 (19.9) 61,691 (18.7) 411,561 (20.1) Private 468,711 (19.7) 55,655 (16.9) 413,056 (20.1) Self-pay 94,936 (4.0) 14,816 (4.5) 80,120 (3.9) High Charlson comorbidity score 1,758,091 (73.7) 240,094 (72.7) 1,517,998 (73.9) < 0.001 Disposition Home 1,563,076 (65.6) 222,497 (67.4) 1,340,579 (65.3) < 0.001 Short term inpatient 18,135 (0.8) 4,402 (1.3) 13,732 (0.7) Transfer to SNF, ICF 317,217 (13.3) 43,663 (13.2) 273,554 (13.3) Home care 389,479 (16.3) 47,970 (14.5) 341,508 (16.6)

Background and Objective: Dental caries is the most prevalent dental affliction of childhood and the most common cause of tooth loss in children. Even though many caries prevalence studies have been conducted in different parts of the country, still there is a great deficiency in comparative studies between urban and rural population, particularly in southern Indian states. Hence the objective of this study was to provide the baseline data of caries prevalence. Materials and Methods: A total of 1862 children of both the sexes in the age groups between 7-12yrs and 13-16yrs from various government residential schools in rural and urban areas of Guntur district were examined using WHO (1997) criteria and the data was analyzed. Results: The overall prevalence of caries in the study population was 45.91%.In rural population, 47.04% of children had caries and mean deft/DMFT was 2.637 where as in urban population, 40.52% had caries and mean deft/DMFT was 2.723.Though the caries prevalence was more in rural population, DMFT scores was slightly high in urban study population when compared to rural study population, but it was not statistically significant. The decayed component contributed maximum to total DMFT .Overall, caries was more prevalent among males and prevalence of dental caries was increasing with advancement of age. Regarding treatment needs, 50.32% of rural children and 45.52% of urban children required dental treatment for varies reasons and it is in accordance with dental caries prevalence of different age groups. Conclusion: Dental caries showed to be a significant health issue in the school children requiring immediate attention.

Dear Editor, more than half of urban male populations are of “ul-Shortly after initiating the “Physical Anthropological Re-search on Han Chinese” research project, we applied uni-form sampling methods as well as methods and instruments of measurement to obtain a complete set of measurements of physical anthropological indicators among Han popula-tions across China. Among these measurements, body stat-ure was a key indicator. Currently, there should be reliable and complete basic data of stature around the Chinese peo-ple. We analyzed the current status of statures among Han adults. During the period from 2009 to 2013, a total of 16,501 rural Han adults (8,174 males and 8,327 females) and 10,451 urban Han adults (5,048 males and 5,403 females) residing in 22 provinces were enrolled in this study. In accordance with the methods described by Xi and Chen [1], anthropometers were used to measure stature. Overall, the statures of northern rural and urban Han populations were greater than those of their southern coun-terparts. However, the statures of male and female popula-tions in the Jianghuai and Jianghan Plains were greater than those of some of the northern Han populations. Whereas the majority of male populations living in rural areas are of “medium” stature (16401669 mm; Table 1), tra-medium” stature (16701699 mm; Table S1 in Support-ing Information). Based on the combined analysis on female stature, we can conclude that most rural populations are of “medium” stature (15301559 mm) and that most urban populations are of “ultra-medium” stature (15601589 mm; Tables S2 and S3 in Supporting Information). Whereas most urban populations located in the northern cities are of “ultra- medium” stature, northern rural populations and southern urban populations are of “ultra-medium” or “medium” stat-ure. Finally, the majority of southern rural populations are of “medium” or “sub-medium” stature (14901529 mm). The 20–44-year age group represents the current stature of young and middle-aged adults. In the three age groups, the 20–44-year age group is the highest. In the 20–44-year age group, about 11% of rural males, 40% of urban males, and 30% of urban females were of tall stature, whereas no “tall” rural females in this age group were identified. Also in this age group, both male and female populations in six northern cities (Jinzhou, Elm, Harbin, Weifang, Baoding, and Xi’an) and two southern cities (Huai’an and Fuzhou) were classified as “tall.” Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation in almost every population group of rural males and females and urban males, and females (0.01<

The territorial and gender differences of the transformational process in the age structure of the Ukrainian population during the 20-years’ period are analyzed in the article. The key factors and tendencies in age structure in various regions are determined. The comparative analysis of its changes among urban and country-side population is performed. The general tendency characterizing the age structure of the urban and country-side population of Ukraine is pointed out – that is the decrease in the share of the younger than active work force, and the increase in the share of the senior citizens. In the present-day structure of the urban population every fourth citizen represents the 60+ age group. The differences in the degree and intensity of aging of the rural and urban population are shown. The index of aging among urban population is much higher and makes 175,6% against 146,9% on the rural territory. The intensification of the process of demographic aging by gender is proven. In 2021, in the total number of population of Ukraine the share of men in the 60+ age group was 36,1%, while the share of women of the same age group was 63,9%. In the years 2001- 2021, the share of women at post-workable age grew to 29,5% of the total number of female population, and that of men grew to 19,3% of the total number of male population. The growth in the share of women and men at post-workable age in the urban area and its decline in the rural area are indicated. Interregional differences in the transformational process in the age structure of the Ukrainian population are defined. The smallest share of the citizens in post-workable age is observed in Volyn, Rivne, and Transcarpathean regions. The biggest share of the citizens in post-workable age is observed in Luhansk, Donetsk, Chernihiv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zaporizhzhia, Kirovohrad, and Poltava regions. The chare of the workable age citizens is growing in 22 administrative units of Ukraine. The consequences of the transformation in the age structure of population are evaluated. The hypothesis has been proven that the age structure changes are correlated with the share of women at reproductive age, and demographic load. The decrease in the share of workable population was caused by the decrease in the share of women at reproductive age from 48,4% to 43,4%. In the years 2000 – 2021 the demographic load on the workable population grew mainly due to the older age group population (in 2021 the demographic load difference between children and the retired was 148 people). The demographic load on the workable population is 7,8% higher in the rural area than in the urban. The attention is drawn to the necessity of taking into consideration territorial peculiarities in the process of transformation in the population age structure when substantiating national programs and measures of active demographic policy. The regions of Ukraine characterized by low economic development are facing the biggest hardships in the adaptation process towards the changes of population age structure. Key words: transformation in the age structure of population, urban and rural population, demographic aging, demographic load.

The purpose of the work was to determine the distribution of various ecto- and endoparasites of the gastrointestinal tract that infect cats of the urban and rural populations of the Kharkiv region for the first time. Studies on ecto- and endoparasites were conducted in 177 cats of the urban population, of which 112 were domestic cats and 65 homeless animals and 98 cats of the rural population of the Kharkiv region in the period from March to July 2023. Data were collected on the location, age and sex of the animals and additionally (in the case of private animals) on anti-parasitic treatment. In 275 examined cats, 5 different ecto- and endoparasites were detected with prevalence ranging from 7.1% to 32.3%. Ctenocephalides felis was registered in 7.1% of domestic cats, 29.2% of homeless cats of the urban populations and 18.4% of cats of the rural populations. Infestation with Otodectes cynotis ear mites was highest in stray cats (32.3%), while cats from the rural populations had a lower infestation rate of 9.9% and pets from the urban populations — 14.4%. In homeless cats of the urban populations, eggs of helminths Toxascaris leonina (29.2%) and Uncinaria stenocephala (18.5%) were recorded the most. The prevalence of Toxascaris leonina in domestic cats of urban and rural populations was almost at the same level — 18.8% and 19.4%, respectively. Taenia taeniaeformis was recorded in stray cats from urban (3.1%) and rural (6.1%) populations. Taenia eggs were not detected in domestic cats of the urban populations. The total infestation endo- and ectoparasites of domestic cats in the urban populations was 52.7%, in the rural populations — 77.6%, while the infestation of homeless cats was 100%

Water is the very basis of life and is the foundation for human survival and development.Sustainable and equitable use of water over millennia has been ensured by cultural adaptation to water availability through water conservation technologies, agricultural systems and cropping patterns adapted to different climatic zones, and conservation-based life styles. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge regarding water conservation methods among population of rural and urban areas of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh”. Objectives: 1.To assess the knowledge regarding water conservation methods among rural and urban population. 2. To compare the knowledge regarding water conservation methods between the urban and rural population 3. To determine the association between knowledge regarding water conservation methods among rural and urban area population and their selected base line variables.Methodology: A Quantitative non experimental Design was adopted. 150 Male and Female were selected by Purposive sampling technique. Results: In Rural population mean score was 24.53 with standard deviation of 4.63 and In Urban population mean score was 22.79 with standard deviation of 5.64. The obtained calculated‘t’ value was 1.09, which is less than the table value of 1.96. It determines that there was no significant difference between rural and urban area respondents knowledge regarding water conservation Methods. Conclusions: The present study concluded that urban population had adequate knowledge than rural population regarding water conservation methods.

The physiological pattern of the sleep–wake cycle is influenced by external synchronizing agents such as light and social patterns, creating variations in each individual’s preferred active and sleep periods. Because of the demands of a 24-h working society, it may be imperative for many people to adapt their sleep patterns (physiologically) to their daily activities. Therefore, we analyzed the difference in sleep patterns and chronobiological parameters between an essentially rural farming and urban small-town populations. We studied 5942 subjects (women, 67.1%, N = 3985; mean age, 44.3 ± 13.1 years), from which the chronotype, circadian sleep pattern, and period of light exposure were collected using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). A structured questionnaire was also made for collection of social and demographic information. Compared with the urban population (N = 3427, 57.7%), the rural population (N = 2515, 42.3%) presented a more predominantly early sleep pattern, as determined by the mid-sleep phase (rural: 2.26 ± 1.16; urban: 3.15 ± 1.55; t-test, p < 0.001). We also found less social jetlag (rural: 0.32; urban: 0.55; Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001) and higher light-exposure (rural: 9.55 ± 2.31; urban: 8.46 ± 2.85; t test, p < 0.001) in the rural population. Additionally, the rural population presented a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders (rural: 156, 6.20%; urban: 165, 4.80%; Chi-square, p < 0.05), and a lower prevalence of metabolic diseases (rural: 143, 5.70%; urban: 225, 6.60%; Chi-square, p < 0.05). The significant difference in sleep parameters, chronotype, and light exposure between groups remained after multivariate regression analysis (r2 = 0.41, F = 297.19, p < 0.001, β = 1.208). In this study, there was a significant difference between the rural and urban populations in natural light exposure and sleeping patterns. Because of agricultural work schedules, rural populations spend considerable time outside that is an obligation related to work schedules. Our results emphasize the idea that latitude may not be the main factor influencing individual circadian habits. Rather, circadian physiology adapts to differences in exposure to light (natural and artificial) as well as social and work schedules.