Age and growth of invasive alien fish species, Perccottus glenii and Lepomis gibbosus , in water bodies of Transcarpathia (Ukraine)

Children aged <2 years with chronic lung disease (CLD) have a 10-fold higher risk for respiratory syncytial virus-positive hospitalization (RSVH) compared to healthy term infants. Based on the updated position statements, we compared respiratory-related illness hospitalization (RIH) and RSVH risks in CLD children who received palivizumab during the first year (FY) versus second year (SY) of life in the Canadian Registry of Palivizumab (CARESS). Demographic data were collected at enrolment and RIH events recorded monthly from 2005 to 2015. Eight hundred forty-seven FY and 450 SY children with CLD were identified. SY children had a lower gestational age (27 versus 29 weeks) and required more days of respiratory support (64 versus 43), oxygen therapy (108 versus 55), and length of stay (118 versus 73) during the neonatal course compared to FY children; all p < 0.0005. RIH rates were 12.2 (FY) and 18.2 (SY), and RSVH rates were 2.3 (FY) and 3.9 (SY). Cox regression showed similar hazards for both RIH (hazard ratio 0.9, 95% CI 0.6–1.6, p = 0.812) and RSVH (hazard ratio 1.1, 95% CI 0.4–2.9, p = 0.920).Conclusions: SY and FY children had similar risks for RIH and RSVH. The findings imply that SY children with CLD are correctly selected for palivizumab based on neonatal illness severity and merit prophylaxis.What is Known:• Children with chronic lung disease have a 10-fold higher risk for RSV-positive hospitalization in comparison to healthy term infants and commonly receive palivizumab prophylaxis as a preventative measure against serious RSV-related lower respiratory tract infections.• The American Academy of Pediatrics [2] and the Canadian Paediatric Society [30] have recently modified their recommendations for RSV prophylaxis in children with chronic lung disease, limiting palivizumab to either those <32 weeks gestation or those in the first year of life who are oxygen dependent or require medical therapy for the treatment of their condition.What is New:• Children with chronic lung disease receiving an additional course of palivizumab in their second year of life were determined to be at similar risk for both respiratory illness-related hospitalization and RSV-positive hospitalization as palivizumab-naïve children enrolled in the first year of life in the Canadian Registry for palivizumab (CARESS).• CARESS physicians are correctly identifying high-risk children with chronic lung disease in their second year of life, whom they believe will benefit from an additional year of palivizumab prophylaxis, based on neonatal illness severity.

Maternal parenting skills, adverse clinical outcomes, and contextual factors in low-income families: Associations and predictors of the neurodevelopment of preterm children in the first two years of life

Acute otitis media is the most frequent diagnosis in children visiting physicians’ offices. Risk factors for otitis media have been widely studied. Yet, the correlation between bacterial carriage and the development of otitis media is not entirely clear. Our aim was to study in a population-based prospective cohort the risk factors for otitis media in the second year of life with special emphasis on the role of colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The study was embedded in the Generation R Study. Data on risk factors and doctor-diagnosed otitis media were obtained by midwives, hospital registries and postal questionnaires in the whole cohort (n = 7,295). Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained at the age of 1.5, 6 and 14 months in the focus cohort (n = 1,079). Of these children, 2,515 (47.2%) suffered at least one period of otitis media in their second year of life. The occurrence of otitis media during the follow-up period in the first 6 months of life and between 6 and 12 months of age was associated with the risk of otitis media in the second year of life (aOR, 1.83 95% CI 1.24–2.71 and aOR 2.72, 95% CI 2.18–3.38, respectively). Having siblings was associated with an increased risk for otitis media in the second year of life (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.13–1.79). No associations were found between bacterial carriage in the first year of life and otitis media in the second year of life. In our study, otitis media in the first year of life is an independent risk factor for otitis media in the second year of life. Surprisingly, bacterial carriage in the first year of life did not add to this risk. Moreover, no association was observed between bacterial carriage in the first year of life and otitis in the second year of life.

Zabaikalsky highlander is a spring-type, medium- to late-maturing forage crop that develops with a long daylight. It takes 1300°C to complete the "regrowth - full ripeness of seeds" period. From active (above +10°C) temperatures. The plant is long-lived, it takes root intensively in the first year of life, and the mass of roots increases significantly with the age of the plants. In the hill-plain steppe of the Akmola region, the mass of roots in the arable layer of 20-40 cm of the total weight of plants in the first year of life was 2.6%, in the second year of plant life it increased to 32.3% and in the third year - to 34.5%. For three years of life, the root system of the Zabaikalsky mountaineer evenly covers the soil profile up to 40-50 cm. Mass regrowth of shoots begins after a steady transition of air temperature through+10°C from the buds of renewal. The growth and development of shoots varies from 3-5 pieces in plants of the second year of life and depends on the age of the plants; on the initial set density of standing and the method of sowing; on the water and food regime of each particular year. In the green mass formed during the stalking period, foliage is 59% the highest. An intensive increase in green mass was noted during budding and flowering - 92.4 c/ha. The increase per day is 2.16%. In the conditions of the hill-plain steppe, the growing season from regrowth to full ripeness of seeds was 120-131 days. The seeds ripen within 65-80 days.

Conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: herd immunity and reduction of otitis morbidity.

Human parechovirus (HPeV) is an increasingly recognised cause of severe illness and central nervous system infection in infants. Medium- to long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes post-HPeV infection remain unknown. This study aims to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes for children hospitalised as infants with HPeV infection in their second and third years of life. This prospective cohort study followed children hospitalised with HPeV in Brisbane, Queensland during the 2017/2018 outbreak. Serial application of Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess developmental progress in the second and third years of life. Data from clinical follow-up, audiology and neuroradiology were included. In the second year of life, 63% (n= 29) of children showed some or significant concerns for developmental delay. This had largely been ameliorated by the third year of life when only 30% (n= 14) reported developmental concerns. Prematurity and apnoeas were associated with developmental concerns at 27-36 months of age. Communication was the most common domain of concern. The majority of infants hospitalised with HPeV infection in 2017-2018 showed normalisation of developmental progress by 27-36 months of age. Further investigation into more subtle neurological impairments in later childhood is required. These results can help guide clinicians in counselling parents during the acute illness and in planning appropriate follow-up.

Inverse associations between food diversity in the second year of life and allergic diseases

Objective : Our aim was to study the clinical efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in children aged less than 3 years. Methods : retrospective comparative study of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI), otitis and pneumonia during the first three years of life in 184 children vaccinated with PKV13 and 186 unvaccinated peers. Results : 91 of 184 children (49.4%) were vaccinated during the 1st year of life, 61 (33.2%) — during the 2nd year, and 32 (17.4%) — during the 3rd year. Number of ARI per 1 child among children vaccinated in the 1st year of life was 5.5 times less than among unvaccinated children (0.42 and 2.31 cases); frequency of otitis during the second year of life was 6.8 times less (7.6% and 52.1%, р < 0,01), and during the third — 34.7 times less (1.1% and 38.2%, р < 0,01). All children vaccinated before the age of 1 were 6.3 times less (1.1% and 6.9%) ill with pneumonias. Additionally it was noted that number of ARI per 1 person among children, vaccinated during the 1st year of life, during the third year of life was lower than among children vaccinated later (0.42; 1.02; 2.03 respectively). There also was a significant in otitis number between children vaccinated during the first and the third years of life (1.1 and 15.6% р < 0,01). Conclusion: to reduce the incidence of ARI, otitis and pneumonia in children, it is necessary to vaccinate children with PCV13 in the age under 1 year. «Catching up» immunization of the second and third years of life is effective, but to a lesser extent.

We recently reported a significant relationship between lung function measured prior to any lower respiratory tract illness and subsequent wheezing illnesses during the first year of life (N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1112-7). Follow-up has continued for this group of infants during the second and third years of life. When compared with never wheezers, infants who wheezed during the first year of life and had at least one additional lower respiratory illness had 22% lower initial levels of an indirect index of airway conductance derived from the shape of tidal breathing curves (p less than or equal to 0.01), 22% lower respiratory conductance (p less than or equal to 0.05), 25% lower maximal flows at the end-expiratory point (p less than or equal to 0.01), and 10% lower functional residual capacity (p less than or equal to 0.05). Infants who wheezed only once during the first 3 yr of life or who started wheezing during the second year of life had normal tidal breathing curves but significantly lower maximal expiratory flows (p less than or equal to 0.05). Their functional residual capacity was also lower than that of never wheezers (p less than or equal to 0.05). We conclude that diminished initial airway function may be a predisposing factor for recurrent wheezing respiratory illnesses starting in the first year of life. Infants who will have only one wheezing respiratory illness or who will start wheezing after the first year of life seem to have lower levels for some but not for all lung function tests performed in this study.

Studies on cryptorchidism: A comparison of histological findings in the germinative epithelium before and after the second year of life

Purpose. To evaluate the genotypes of alfalfa feed direction under different conditions of moisture and to identify genotypes that would consistently reproduce a high level of economically valuable traits to create new breeding populations. Methods. The research was conducted at the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS during 2017‒2020 years in the field for fodder use on two backgrounds of moisture: drip irrigation and natural moisture. In the year of sowing 1‒3 slopes and 3‒4 for the second year of life were carried out by grassland depending on meteorological conditions of the year, genotype, growing conditions. The subject of research were Unitro and Elegy varieties, root system power selections from samples taken in the Askania-Nova Reserve, Rambler, Abayska multi-colored, Siberian 8 and F3‒F5 hybrid populations. Results. Studies have shown that the characteristics of plant height’ and duration of inter-period periods’ are quite variable, they are subject to fluctuations in years of use of grass, slopes and depend on genetic and biological characteristics of alfalfa populations and meteorological conditions. Alfalfa populations differed in the duration of interspecific periods, height and growth intensity in terms of average daily growth depending on the slope and the year of life of the grassland. The duration of inter-period periods, the onset of oblique ripeness of alfalfa depended on the average daily temperature, the duration of sunshine and the length of the day. The calculated correlation coefficients show that the duration of the inter-period periods is strongly inversely related to the average daily temperature (r = -0.93) and weakly dependent on the day length (r = 0.14) and the duration of sunshine for 1 day (r = -0.18), closer to autumn, they decrease, so with each cut the duration of inter-period periods decreases. The longest was the period of germination-beginning of flowering and was 65 days. This is due to the conditions of this period - low average daily temperature (19.2°C), although the duration of sunshine was high and was 751.8 hours, but for the day the sun shone only 11.7 hours. The shortest period was regrowth-beginning of flowering (second slope) and was 43 days at a high average daily temperature (25.7°C) and a long period of sunshine 12.1 hours per day. In the third mowing, the duration of the regrowth period - the last mowing (beginning of budding) was 55 days, but the plants did not reach the mowing maturity, as it was time for the last mowing before the grass enters the winter. During this period, the average daily temperature drops to 19.9°C, day length to 13:32 hours, the duration of sunshine to 9.2 hours per day. The height of plants on the slopes largely depended on meteorological conditions and was maximum in the second slope, reaching 61.3‒67.7 cm. The lowest indicators of the trait were characterized by populations in the first slope with fluctuations from 51.4 to 56.6 cm and the third ‒ 32. 9‒39.7 cm under irrigation. Under conditions of natural moisture, alfalfa plants were significantly inferior in height with fluctuations of 41.1‒48.1 cm in the first slope and high variability from 18.4 to 29.8 cm in the second, with coefficients of variation on slopes V = 4.0 and 10.5, respectively. The largest linear increase in height in the first year of life was characterized by plants in the second slope with an index of 1.43‒1.60 cm/day under irrigation. The average daily increase in the first and third slopes was much lower and was respectively 0.79‒0.87 cm and 0.62‒0.72 cm under irrigation and 0.63‒0.74 cm and 0.43‒0.63 cm in the first and second slopes in conditions of natural moisture. Alfalfa populations did not differ in the length of inter-period periods during the growing season, and they differed mainly in the years of life of grasses. In the grassland of the second year, this difference was observed depending on the slope and meteorological conditions of the year. Thus, in the second year of life with grass from the first slope to the fourth there was an acceleration of the onset of the beginning of flowering phase (oblique maturity). In the first slope it occurred on the 72-nd day, the second ‒ on the 40-th, the third ‒ on the 39-th and the fourth ‒ on the 51-st day. This occurred with a gradual increase in average daily temperature from 12.4°C in the first slope to 23.3 in the third and its decrease to 21.3°C in the fourth slope. In the change in the duration of sunshine, the same pattern is observed: decrease, then a gradual increase with the following decrease: 8.6‒10.5‒11.1‒9.6 hours/day, respectively. The length of the intercostal periods, similar to the first year of life with grass, was inversely related to the average daily temperature (r = -0.982), rainfall (r = -0.644), day length (r = -0.666) and the duration of sunshine in one day (r = -0.961) and the height of plants which largely depended on meteorological conditions, day length (r = 0.778) and precipitation (r = 0.695). Under irrigation conditions, it varied in different populations on slopes from 64.0 to 70.0 cm in the first slope, 68.1–71.4 cm in the second, and acquired a maximum value of 70.6–76.4 cm in the third slope. Subsequently (the fourth slope) the growth of plants slowed down and their height was in the range of 38.7‒49.7 cm. 40.9‒61.5 cm) from slope to slope and only in some genotypes (Elegy, M.g./P.p., L R/H., A.r.d) in the second slope they remain high. A high positive relationship between the average daily linear growth and plant height (r = 0.991). The highest linear growth was characterized by plants in the third slope, ie in July with fluctuations from 1.81 to 1.96 cm per day, smaller growth rates (1.70-1.78 cm / day) differed plants in the second slope under irrigation. Under conditions of natural moisture, the second slope was characterized by intense growth with fluctuations from 1.41 to 1.69 cm per day. Individual populations (Elegy, M.g./ P.P., L R / H., A.r. d.) Maintained high growth or improved its performance in the third slope. In the first slope, alfalfa plants had weak growth with an average daily increase of 0.91-0.97 cm in favorable irrigation conditions and with an increase of 0.84-0.93 cm / day without irrigation, ie they differed slightly on this basis. In the second slope, compared with the first, the plants grew very quickly, their average daily gain ranged from 1.70 to 1.78 cm (under irrigation). Closer to autumn, the growth and development of plants of the fourth slope slowed down, these processes faded, and the average daily gain was only 0.77‒0.97 cm, however, in the conditions of natural moisture alfalfa plants did not form an aboveground mass. Conclusions. Analysis of the results of the research revealed that alfalfa populations differ in height, growth intensity, average daily growth, duration of intermowing periods on slopes, years of grass life and which depend on average daily temperature, duration of sunshine and day length. Valuable genotypes with high rate of linear growth were identified: Elegy variety and populations of M.g./P.p., L R/H., A.r.d. for further selection work.

The article presents the results of research on the cultivation of artichoke prickly (Cynara Scolymus L.) in the conditions of the Tashkent region. It is established that morphobiological and economically valuable characteristics largely depend on the variety and method of sowing. As shown, in studies in the conditions of the Tashkent region, a reduction in the growing season, an increase in the height of plants and the number of stems, an increase in the average weight and number of inflorescences and yield occurs in the second year of plant life. It was revealed that the potential productivity of artichoke prickly plants in the conditions of the Tashkent region is high. The yield of the Overseas delicacy variety in the second year of life is 38.0 t/ha, in the Maikop 41 variety-41.0 t/ha.

The increase in incidence of atopic diseases (ADs) in the developed world over the past decades has been associated with reduced exposure of childhood infections. To investigate the relation between early intestinal viral infections in relation to the development of atopic symptoms (eczema, wheeze and atopic sensitization) in the first and second year(s) of life. In the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, we assessed IgG seropositivity for rota- and norovirus (GGI.1 and GGII.4) at 1 year of age. This was related to allergic sensitization [specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)] at 1 and 2 years, and parent reported eczema and wheeze in the first 2 years, using logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders. Rotavirus seropositivity (39%) was associated with an unexpected higher risk of recurrent wheeze in the first and second year of life [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.1 and 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.1-9.1] and persistent and new recurrent wheeze (adjusted OR 2.7 and 95% CI 1.1-6.2). No further associations were found between intestinal viral seropositivity and atopic manifestations. Our data did not show a clear protection by enteric viral infections in young children on development of IgE response to allergens, but rotavirus infection in the first year was a risk factor for wheeze. However, this needs to be followed up to older ages in order to establish the true importance of intestinal viral infections and especially cumulative effects in AD aetiology. Exposure to rotavirus may offer a new and interesting focus on infant wheeze and later asthma development.

The article is dedicated to the results of research on the introduction of artichoke in the conditions of Uzbekistan. It was revealed that artichoke plants grow and develop well, form mature seeds during the growing season. The manifestation of morphobiological and farm-valuable traits largely depends on the age of the plants. A significant reduction in the growth period, an increase in plant height and number of stems, an increase in average weight and number of inflorescences and, ultimately, the yield occur in the second year of plant life. It was also determined that the potential productivity of artichoke plants in the condition of Uzbekistan is very high. The yield of the cultivar Krasavets is 55.5 t/ ha in the second year of life, for the Green Globe cultivar – 39.2 t/ ha. This is significantly higher worldwide. During the research, some issues of artichoke seed production in the dry subtropics of Uzbekistan were also studied. The studies were carried out on the cultivar Krasavets. When identifying the most effective method of forming a seed cluster, we compared the cultivation of seed plants without formation and 4 methods of formation: 1 stem per plant and three inflorescences per stem, 2 stems per plant and three inflorescences each, 3 stems per plant and three inflorescences each, 4 stems per plant and three inflorescences each. The highest seed productivity was noted in the variant without the formation of a seed plant: 734.2 g/ plant or 15789 seeds/ plant. However, in terms of such indicators as the mass and number of seeds from one inflorescence, the mass of 1000 seeds of a plant without formation is significantly inferior to other options. Based on the results of experience, the variants 3, 4, 5 can be considered appropriate to use in artichoke seed production. KEYWORDS: artichoke, phenology, inflorescence, productivity, mass and number of inflorescences, interphase periods, growing season, plant height, seed production.

Relevanc and methods.The article presents the research results on the introduction of artichoke in Uzbekistan. In the process of research, some issues of artichoke seed production in the conditions of dry subtropics of Uzbekistan were also studied. Studies were carried out on the Krasavets cultivar. When identifying the most effective method for forming a seed bush, the comparison of growing seed plants without formation and 4 methods of formation was compared: 1 stalk on a plant and 3 inflorescences on a stalk, 2 stems on a plant and three inflorescences on each, 3 stems on a plant and three inflorescences on each, 4 stems on the plant and three inflorescences on each.Results.It was revealed that artichoke plants grow and develop, form full-fledged seeds during the growing season. The manifestation of morphobiological and economically valuable traits largely depends on the age of the plants. A significant reduction in the growing season, an increase in the height of plants and the number of stems, an increase in the average mass and number of inflorescences and, ultimately, yield occurs in the second year of plant life. It was also revealed that the potential productivity of artichoke plants in Uzbekistan is very high. The yield of the Krasavets cultivar in the second year of life is 55.5 t/ha, and that of the Green Globe cultivar is 39.2 t/ha. This is significantly higher than the global average. The highest seed productivity was noted in the variant without the formation of a seed plant: 734.2 g/plant or 15789 seeds/plant. However, in such indicators as the mass and number of seeds from one inflorescence, the mass of 1000 seeds of a plant without formation is significantly inferior to other options. Based on the results of experiment 3, 4, 5, the options can be considered appropriate to use in artichoke seed production.