Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history of African America cooperatives from early mutual aid societies and activities, to formal cooperatives such as agricultural and purchasing co-ops, consumer co-ops, especially food co-ops and credit unions, as well as craft co-ops and worker co-ops throughout US history. Gordon Nembhard focuses on Black American cooperative experiences as examples of how cooperative ownership contributes to anti-poverty and community building strategies, especially when market activities do not provide for the needs of a community or oppressed or marginalized families. Black women’s roles in co-ops and the cooperative movement, and Black youth-owned co-ops are highlighted. In addition, this article explores ways that Black co-op experiences provide examples of cooperative economics as a tool for community-controlled economic development to achieve some level of equitable development, not just economic survival.
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