Africa and Europe - Information Policies and Metrics

This paper aims to share the journey of Carbon Footprint reduction in Exploration and Production (E&P) in reducing carbon emissions on operated assets through the implementation of a Real-Time tool for Monitoring Green House Gases (GHG) Emissions and Energy Efficiency (EE). The objectives are to improve the processes efficiencies, track and aid to reduce the total emissions. The solution was designed to monitor GHG key sources using available real time data within facilities. It starts by tracking emissions coming from energy usage through fuel gas combustion and then addresses emissions resulting from energy loss, such as flaring, venting and liquid fuels. The tool has been successfully deployed across 34 operated sites, allowing the tracking of approximately 85% of GHG emissions from Scope 1 & 2 within the E&P Operated Assets’ perimeter. The implemented solution follows a highly standardized and scalable approach. A model is built once and then applied to hundreds of equipment and assets. Once deployed, the model continuously provides real-time data derived from calculations, analyses, and Key Performance Indicator (KPIs). These products increase operational efficiency and help decision-making process regarding emissions reduction. Additionally, transparency and traceability are ensured by granting users access to all data and calculation. The tool uses different inputs such as fluid composition, process design data and operating parameters. It delivers a comprehensive overview of emissions and performance, ranging from individual equipment to site and country levels. The solution also eases benchmarking carbon footprint in different systems and identifies corrective and mitigation actions for both design and operational philosophy. Furthermore, it allows to establish a relationship between GHG and Energy efficiency based on potential optimization to be carried-out on significant energy users. Headquarters and operating centers consistently rely on the solution's displays, which present performance indicators for daily discussions and used in operational decision-making. This solution enables operators to identify poorly performing equipment and capture undesired process deviations as well as metering inaccuracies that contribute to GHG emissions. As a result, these indicators improve operational excellence and revenues, while minimizing the environmental impact of our activities. The paper discusses the implementation process, highlights the capabilities of the digital tool, and demonstrates its value through use cases where a positive impact both GHG reduction and improved energy efficiency was measured. By leveraging existing resources and valorizing field data and software, we have successfully transformed our operational practices and brought them to higher standards in terms of environmental performance and lower carbon intensity.

Climate change policy has several potential risks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of green technology development, green energy consumption, energy efficiency, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and trade (imports and exports) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Asia from 1981 to 2018. We employed Breusch Pagan LM, bias-corrected scaled LM, and Pesaran CD as part of a series of techniques that can assist in resolving the problem of cross-sectional dependence. First and second generation unit root tests are used to assess the stationarity of the series, Pedroni and Kao tests are used to test co-integration. The long-term associations are examined using fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and panel dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) for robustness. The results revealed that trade, growth rate, and exports significantly increase GHG emissions. This accepted the leakage phenomenon. The results also demonstrated that green technology development, green energy consumption, energy efficiency, and imports all have a significant negative correlation with GHG emissions. Imports, advanced technical processes, a transition from non-green energy to green energy consumption, and energy efficiency are thus critical components in executing climate change legislation. These findings highlight the profound importance of green technology development and green energy for ecologically sustainable development in the South Asian countries and act as a crucial resource for other nations throughout the world when it comes to ecological security. This research recommends the consumption of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technologies in order to mitigate climate change and the government's implementation of the most recent policies to neutralize GHG emissions in order to achieve sustainable development.

Beyond average energy consumption in the French residential housing market: A household classification approach

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the buyer awareness and acceptance of environmental and energy efficiency measures in the New Zealand residential property markets. This study aims to provide a greater understanding of consumer behaviour in the residential property market in relation to green housing issuesDesign/methodology/approachThe paper is based on an extensive survey of Christchurch real estate offices and was designed to gather data on the factors that were considered important by buyers in the residential property market. The survey was designed to allow these factors to be analysed on a socio‐economic basis and to compare buyer behaviour based on property values.FindingsThe results show that regardless of income levels, buyers still consider that the most important factor in the house purchase decision is the location of the property and price. Although the awareness of green housing issues and energy efficiency in housing is growing in the residential property market, it is only a major consideration for young and older buyers in the high income brackets and is only of some importance for all other buyer sectors of the residential property market. Many of the voluntary measures introduced by Governments to improve the energy efficiency of residential housing are still not considered important by buyers, indicating that a more mandatory approach may have to be undertaken to improve energy efficiency in the established housing market, as these measures are not valued by the buyer.Originality/valueThe paper confirms the variations in real estate buyer behaviour across the full range of residential property markets and the acceptance and awareness of green housing issues and measures. These results would be applicable to most established and transparent residential property markets.

Housing energy efficiency has a critical role in greenhouse gas and carbon emission mitigation. Previous studies have seldom considered the interrelationships among the different architectural aspects, i.e. human, building, environment, and climate in impacting housing energy efficiency. Given this gap, a literature review was conducted to explain the conceptual platform of the study. Then detailed cross-comparisons among five recent studies were made to develop the variable setting of the study. The study then addressed the implications of artificial intelligence in a multi-criteria assessment of housing energy efficiency. In conclusion, the overall improvement of housing energy consumption depends on a balanced interplay between the different architectural aspects, with an especial emphasis on the role of occupants’ socio-demographic characteristics. To achieve this goal it is necessary to develop a smart multi-criteria energy efficiency assessment tool, which also assists in putting passive climatic principles in practice, and in reducing fossil fuel dependency.

The scope of this paper is to present the results of the Project HyTech, which aimed, amongst other objectives, to quantify the environmental and economic effects of generalized introduction and use of electric vehicles in Greece. The expected energy consumption and life cycle economic and environmental cost of electric vehicles for the present and immediate future is estimated after a relevant literature review. The future evolution of the Greek vehicle fleet relative to the Gross Domestic Product per capita is approximated by use of a Gompertz curve. The number of new vehicles registered every year, the age composition of the vehicle fleet, the resulting Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and energy use costs are calculated depending on a set of parameters. Choosing different sets of assumptions and calculating the resulting vehicle fleet statistics through year 2030, we investigated a number of scenarios. The effect of market penetration by electric and hybrid vehicles and the resulting benefit on energy use cost and GHG emissions, compared to conventional vehicles is presented for each scenario. Fuel consumption and mileage of the vehicle fleet is a major factor that determines energy use cost and GHG emissions, regardless of fleet composition. In the case of an optimistic scenario that assumes a high renewal rate for the vehicle fleet, significant EV and HEV market penetration and use of renewable energy sources for battery recharging, a reduction of 668 kT CO2 in GHG emissions and 362 million € in energy costs per year in 2030 could be achieved.

There are two types of approaches for analyzing various aspects related to green-house gas (GHG) emissions, i.e., top-down and bottom-up approaches. Although the top-down approach focuses on macro-economic perspectives, the bottom-up approach is more suitable to investigate GHG emissions at an industry level utilizing domain-specific knowledge. For example, a bottom-up analysis requires a wide variety of data such as energy demands, conversion factors, and energy efficiency, which may be obtained by analyzing industrial process data. This study aims to provide a bottom-up approach for analyzing GHG emissions from shipbuilding processes in Korea. Reference energy system and energy balance for shipbuilding processes are derived for bottom-up modeling. Based on the midterm forecast on energy demands of the Korean shipbuilding industry, it is shown that the business-as-usual GHG emissions may be obtained. Relevant mitigation measures are then investigated to analyze their mitigation potentials for low-carbon ship production. 1. Introduction Global climate change has recently drawn an increasing attention due to its adverse effects on our environment. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Frame-work conventions on climate change, local and international experts have long called for more international cooperation in coping with global warming. The main idea of international cooperative efforts is to impose binding obligations for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on participating countries. Even though some countries have withdrawn their commitment and others have been reluctant to adopting definite targets for emission reduction, many countries have already established a designated national authority to manage their GHG emissions. Korea has also established a national authority called "GHG Inventory and Research Center (GIR)" in 2010. One of the most important roles of GIR is to manage the national GHG emission levels and set the abatement target of various sectors through an efficient and integrated management of GHG-related information. Recently, GIR has conducted a series of research projects to analyze GHG emissions of industrial sectors in cooperation with a group of experts. This study presents the results from the analysis of GHG emissions and mitigation potentials for the shipbuilding processes in Korea. It should be noted that the scope of this study is limited to constructions processes in a shipyard even though the shipbuilding industry may encompass a broader range of industrial sectors such as steel production and transport. Adopting Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts (MESSAGE) developed by International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in 1980s (Messner 1997), a bottom-up mathematical programming model is generated to derive the business-as-usual (BAU) GHG emissions in the construction processes in a shipyard. Abatement potentials of several technical abatement measures are also analyzed to help shipbuilders effectively cope with the issue of climate change.

The study aims to explore the relationship between green funding, green energy, and energy efficiency in E7 countries, guided by the SDG-7 guidelines recommended by the United Nations General Assembly. Methodologically, the study employs the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) techniques on data collected between 1988 and 2022. The rationale for this approach lies in its ability to capture both short-term and long-term dynamics in the relationship between green funding, green energy, and energy efficiency. Analysis of the data reveals varying stages of green funding growth among E7 countries, with China (1.52), Brazil (1.44), India (1.35), Indonesia (1.94), Mexico (1.73), and Russia (1.93) exhibiting different levels of progress. Russia and Turkey are identified as having the highest Gini coefficients in 2019, indicating disparities in green funding distribution within these countries. The empirical findings underscore the critical role of investment in the energy sector by both corporations and the public sector to enhance access to electricity, bolster energy security, and foster environmentally sustainable economic development. However, the study identifies insufficient investment as a fundamental obstacle hindering progress in green energy efficiency in E7 nations. Despite the potential for implementing energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources in E7 countries, the future remains uncertain due to existing obstacles in green financing and regulatory frameworks. Consequently, the paper emphasizes the imperative of addressing these obstacles to unlock the full funding potential for energy efficiency initiatives in E7 nations.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented uptake of telepsychology services; however, clinicians have mixed attitudes toward virtual technologies.ObjectiveThis study (1) explored clinicians’ experiences of and intentions to use video, telephone, and in-person services, and (2) tested the utility of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to predict clinicians’ intentions to offer telepsychology after the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsClinician satisfaction and therapeutic alliance were compared across in-person, video, and telephone services, while technology attitudes and intention to use after the pandemic were compared across video and telephone services among 118 addiction and mental health clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsClinicians reported more positive experiences with in-person services than both virtual technologies; further, clinicians reported greater positive experiences, attitudes, and intentions to use video services than telephone services across measures. Based on the UTAUT, performance expectancy positively predicted concurrent intentions to use video services (β=0.46; P<.001) and telephone services (β=0.35; P<.001) after the pandemic. Social influence (β=0.24; P=.004) and facilitating conditions (β=0.19; P=.03) additionally predicted the intention to use telephone services.ConclusionsClinicians rated in-person services more positively than virtual technologies, with video services perceived more positively than telephone services. Performance expectancy was the primary facilitator of the uptake of both virtual modalities.

Energy efficient houses consume less energy while maintaining or improving the comfort conditions of occupants. Energy efficient buildings result in less environmental impact and are economically and environmentally sustainable. Residential buildings account for the majority of electricity consumption in Nigeria. Because of the poor state of energy generation and transmission in Nigeria energy efficiency measures are necessary to reduce the energy required in houses. This would substantially reduce the dependence on the grid electricity supply. Energy efficient buildings have tremendous benefits in social, economic, and environmental terms. In economic terms the production of energy-efficient buildings result in growing market demand with higher quality and innovative buildings, and in social terms it leads to improved urban space and local climate, and liveable buildings. Energy efficient buildings also ensure resource efficiency, and reduction of Green House Gas emissions. Energy efficiency in buildings starts from the design of buildings, and through to construction and operation. The objective of this paper is the examination of energy efficiency in housing in Nigeria and its impact upon socio-economic development in the country. The paper focuses on energy-efficient design strategies, and initiatives to achieve low carbon emission in housing in Nigeria The paper examines the housing situation in Nigeria and the phenomenon of urbanisation which has led to unplanned urban growth, grievous housing poverty, slum formation, and near collapse of urban services and infrastructure particularly electricity supply. It affirms the need to adopt energy efficiency in housing and it examines passive design strategies and low carbon initiatives in housing construction. It takes a critical look at the adoption of sustainability practices in housing. The paper asserts that energy efficiency would enhance the growth of electricity consumption and boost the socio-economic development of the country. The paper concludes that energy efficiency is capable of engendering socio-economic development of the country particularly productivity and income growth.

Mitigating climate change and achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas atmospheric concentrations — the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) — will require deep reductions in global Energy-related Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. G-8 leaders called for a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions before 2050 to avoid the most serious consequences of climate change. Meeting this goal requires transforming the way energy is produced, delivered, and consumed across all sectors of the economy and regions of the world. Energy efficiency offers seemingly glittering promises to all-savings for consumers and utilities, profits for shareholders, improvements in industrial productivity, enhanced international competitiveness and reduced environmental impacts. As global energy demand continues to grow, actions to increase energy efficiency will be essential. The technical opportunities are myriad and potential savings real, but consumers and utilities have so far been slow to invest in the most cost-effective, energy-efficient technologies available. The energy efficiency of buildings, electric equipment, and appliances in use falls far short of what is technically attainable. Energy analysts have attributed this efficiency gap to a variety of market, institutional and technical constraints. Electric utility energy efficiency techniques have great potential to narrow this gap and achieve significant energy savings. This paper provides some of the recent trends in energy efficiency technologies that have been successful and also used widely worldwide. They are: 1) Energy efficient motors 2) Soft starters with energy saver 3) Variable speed drives 4) Energy efficient transformers 5) Electronic ballast 6) Occupancy sensors & Energy efficient lighting controls 7) Energy efficient Lamps This paper presents Case Studies of various energy efficient techniques used in a Steel Plant resulting in considerable Electrical energy savings varying from 10–15%. Electric motors drive both core industrial processes, like presses or roll mills, and auxiliary systems, like compressed air generation, ventilation or water pumping. They are utilized throughout all industrial branches, though the main applications vary. With only some exceptions, electric motors are the main source for the provision of mechanical energy in industry. In recent years, many studies identified large energy efficiency potentials in electric motors and motor systems with many saving options showing very short payback times and high cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, almost all electricity in India is generated by rotating electrical generators, and approximately half of that generated is used to drive electrical motors. Hence, efficiency improvements with electrical machines can have a very large impact on energy consumption. The key challenges to increased efficiency in systems driven by electrical machines lie in three areas: a. To extend the application areas of variable-speed electric drives through reduction of power electronic and control costs b. Secondly, to integrate the drive and the driven load to maximize system efficiency c. Finally, to increase the efficiency of the electrical machine. Lighting is a large and rapidly growing source of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time the savings potential of lighting energy is high, even with the current technology, and there are new energy efficient lighting technologies coming onto the market. Currently, more than 33 billion lamps operate worldwide, consuming more than 2650 TWh of energy annually, which is approximately 19% of the global electricity consumption. The introduction of more energy efficient lighting products and procedures can at the same time provide better living and working environments and also contribute in a cost-effective manner to the global reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an important starch-producing crop used worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted on the energy efficient, cost benefit, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of sweet potato production. To address this issue, the data were collected using a questionnaire for face-to-face interviews of 78 sweet potato growers and 74 reference crop (i.e., rice, maize, and potato) growers in Guangdong province. Results revealed that sweet potato production exhibited the highest value of energy efficiency (0.83 kg MJ−1) and economic productivity (0.85 kg CNY−1) among four crops. The GHG emissions from sweet potato production (1165 kg CO2-eq ha−1) were significantly higher than GHG from rice and maize but lower than GHG from potatoes. Moreover, plantation size significantly (p &lt; 0.05) affected inputs of labor, machinery, and diesel fuel and further affected the energy rate, energy efficiency, and GHG emissions of sweet potato production. Sweet potato production in small-size farms (&lt;2.0 ha) exhibited the highest energy efficiency (0.97 kg MJ−1) and the lowest GHG emissions (1045 kg CO2-eq ha−1). Quartering assessments based on energy efficiency, economic productivity, and GHG emissions showed that fertilizers and labor were the major contributors to energy consumption, economic costs, and GHG emissions. Future efforts should be made to reduce fertilizer application and increase fertilizer use efficiency for sustainable sweet potato production.

BR Cluster facilities have historically recorded peak total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of ~1.1 million tons CO2e in 2019. A higher power consumption and large routine flaring are the biggest contributors in GHG emissions. This paper describes an effective integrated pathways undertaken through decarbonization roadmap, Flaring Abatement Initiatives and Energy Efficiency Initiatives to reduce the GHG emission footprints. These initiatives and roadmap contribute towards a greener hydrocarbon industry and helps in combating climate change. BR cluster has identified an innovative pathway to achieve 50% emission reduction by 2030 and Net Zero Emissions by 2050 by utilizing numbers of technologies and initiatives to reduce GHG emissions. Wide ranging initiatives are identified and deployed with help of new technologies includes flare reduction, flare gas recovery for power generation, facilities and Water Reservoir Management (WRM) energy efficiency improvements, novel solution for water treatment and nature-based solutions for carbon abatement. A novel solution for flare Gas reduction is achieved with help of new technologies (flare gas recovery for power generation, and upgrade of control) to recover routine flaring volumes and phased out Fuel gas consumption. As a result of the deployed technologies and initiatives, BR facilities recently achieved ∼64% reduction in flaring and overall ∼42% drop in GHG emissions. This significant reduction achieved by divert the flare gas from Early Development Field projects to power generation for field operations. From 2030 onwards, all routine flaring will be eliminated as gas is used for power generation. Several initiatives were implemented across the cluster to improve surface and subsurface equipment reliability/energy efficiency, includes export pump trimming, control valve modification, stop recycling, solar ESP, Electrical Submersible Progressing Cavity Pump Permanent Magnetic Motor (ESPCP PMM) and conversion gas lift to ESP. These implemented initiatives have contributed to GHG emission reduction by 642 ktCO2e. A novel solution for water treatment and disposal was executed in R field to utilize and phase-out the disposed water produced from Rima station to utilizing the water for agriculture and wildlife protection and saves the environment from GHG emissions associated to Deep water Disposal (DWD) power consumption. The reduction achieved in power consumption is 5.1 MW, with a reduction in GHG emissions of more than 86 ktCO2e. In line with the decarbonization pathway, total GHG emission is predicted to further reduce and reach 423 ktCO2e (60% lower) by 2030 and 200 ktCO2e (82% lower) by 2044. This paper shows Innovative pathways to decarbonization by implementing advance emission reduction Technologies that’s help to achieve cluster emission goals for energy efficiency and emissions reduction. BR cluster decarbonization pathway, learnings and approach could be replicated elsewhere in the Hydrocarbon industry thereby contributing to a cleaner energy for the planet.

Energy efficiency is widely accepted as a tool to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. And reductions in GHG emissions are necessary in order to control the effects of climate change resulting from increased GHG emissions. With these statements the assemblage that explains the need for energy efficiency is supposedly complete. But that simply is not the case. Energy efficiency is not only pursued for reasons other than GHG emission reductions but is often pursed by actors that actually reject the entire notion of human-caused climate change and/or reject GHG emissions as a cause for climate change. In this paper I explore how and why actual actors decouple energy efficiency from climate change and examine some of the factors actors include in their decisions to pursue energy efficiency that are not related to climate change.

Increasing energy and protein use efficiency improves opportunities to decrease land use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production