Adversity Quotient in Single Mothers: A Phenomenological Exploration of Early Childhood Stimulation Efforts

This study aimed to take a look at how far Adversity Quotient and Patience on firm single mother in facing difficulties in life.The method of data collection used in-depth interview and observation. There are six single mothers involved as the subjects of this study (divorcee and widow single mother).The result of this study shows that Adversity Quotient and Patience give positive contribution toward toughness single mother in facing difficulties in life. As for distinguishing adversity quotient between divorcee single mother and widow single mother is the endurance dimension, in which, divorcee single mother has better endurance than widow single mother does. Conversely, on patience, the self-control of widow single mother is better than divorcee single mother does. Keywords: Single mother, adversity quotient, and patience

Introduction: Caregivers play an integral role in their child's development. Many caregivers from low resource communities within sub-Saharan countries face challenges in providing early childhood development (ECD) and stimulation. In South Africa, there are policies in place that aim to provide caregivers with child-care support and services; however, systemic factors often negatively impact the service delivery of early childhood development at a community level. This integrative review aimed to analyse, appraise, and synthesise the literature concerning the published evidence of caregivers' perception on their role in early childhood development and stimulation programmes for children within the ECD phase. Method: The integrative review followed the five steps highlighted by Whittemore & Knafl. The literature search was conducted by electronic searching through ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, PubMed, JSTOR, Lancet, Google Scholar and Research Gate. Literature was included from 01 January 2010 to 31 December 2020, that were published in sub-Saharan Africa, regarding early childhood development and stimulation. A total of 22 records were included in the review. The data was qualitatively analysed through thematic analysis. The findings are presented according to the Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Findings: Findings highlight that caregivers' facilitation of early childhood development in their children is influenced by daily practices of child-care and rearing. Caregivers perceived their role as nurturing and disciplining their children. The educational aspect of child development was the role of the school/ECD facility. Among these influences are contextual factors, culture, and poverty, which impact the practices that caregivers implement during early childhood development. There are policies and stimulation programmes in place to support and assist caregivers/parents in facilitating early childhood development. Conclusion: Caregivers' form an integral component in a child's early childhood development and stimulation. The caregiver role is impacted by several factors which include context, culture, awareness of services, knowledge on child development, stimulation and resources. There is poor implementation and knowledge of support structures, policies, and stimulation programmes at a community level. This, therefore, suggests that government departments need to advocate and promote for easier access to facilities to assist caregivers/parents further. Keywords: early childhood development, family support, policies, stimulation programmes, low resource contexts, stimulation.

Introduction: Caregivers play an integral role in their child's development. Many caregivers from low resource communities within sub-Saharan countries face challenges in providing early childhood development (ECD) and stimulation. In South Africa, there are policies in place that aim to provide caregivers with child-care support and services; however, systemic factors often negatively impact the service delivery of early childhood development at a community level. This integrative review aimed to analyse, appraise, and synthesise the literature concerning the published evidence of caregivers' perception on their role in early childhood development and stimulation programmes for children within the ECD phase. Method: The integrative review followed the five steps highlighted by Whittemore & Knafl. The literature search was conducted by electronic searching through ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, PubMed, JSTOR, Lancet, Google Scholar and Research Gate. Literature was included from 01 January 2010 to 31 December 2020, that were published in sub-Saharan Africa, regarding early childhood development and stimulation. A total of 22 records were included in the review. The data was qualitatively analysed through thematic analysis. The findings are presented according to the Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Findings: Findings highlight that caregivers' facilitation of early childhood development in their children is influenced by daily practices of child-care and rearing. Caregivers perceived their role as nurturing and disciplining their children. The educational aspect of child development was the role of the school/ECD facility. Among these influences are contextual factors, culture, and poverty, which impact the practices that caregivers implement during early childhood development. There are policies and stimulation programmes in place to support and assist caregivers/parents in facilitating early childhood development. Conclusion: Caregivers' form an integral component in a child's early childhood development and stimulation. The caregiver role is impacted by several factors which include context, culture, awareness of services, knowledge on child development, stimulation and resources. There is poor implementation and knowledge of support structures, policies, and stimulation programmes at a community level. This, therefore, suggests that government departments need to advocate and promote for easier access to facilities to assist caregivers/parents further. Keywords: early childhood development, family support, policies, stimulation programmes, low resource contexts, stimulation.

Previous studies suggest that single mothers are at a higher risk of major depression and more likely to use mental health services than are married mothers. The objectives of this analysis were to provide estimates of the prevalence of major depressive syndrome among single and married mothers, to investigate the factors which may affect the difference in the prevalence of major depressive syndrome among single and married mothers and to estimate the health care service utilization by single and married mothers. This was a cross-sectional study using the data from the 1996-97 Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS). Major depressive syndrome was evaluated using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form for major depression. The prevalence of major depressive syndrome was calculated among 3030 single and 10195 married mothers. The effects of demographic, socioeconomic and biological variables on the association between single-mother status and major depressive syndrome were evaluated by stratified analyses. In the NPHS, the difference between single and married mothers in the prevalence of major depressive syndrome was found among women who were between the ages of 25 and 50. The association in this age group depended on race and on whether they had one or more jobs. Education,problem drinking, daily smoking, having one or more long-term medical illnesses, financial hardship and social support did not affect the association between single-mother status and major depressive syndrome. Single mothers were more likely to visit health professionals for mental problems than were married mothers. The difference between single and married mothers in the prevalence of major depression is age-specific. Single mothers who reported having had one or more jobs and who are non-white had an increased risk of having major depressive syndrome, compared to married mothers. Future studies need to replicate the findings of this analysis and investigate why single mothers with ethnic minority backgrounds and those who are working are at high risk of having depressive disorders.

Poor Start: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development and Subsequent Human Capital Accumulation

This study aimed to determine the effects of variable working hours, adversity quotient, and work motivation on Alfamidi employee performance in Nusaniwe District, Ambon City. The study's sample consisted of 47 Alfamidi employees chosen at random. The data was analyzed using SPSS Multiple Regression analysis, which employed descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that work motivation, adversity quotient, and working hours significantly positively impacted Alfamidi Employee Performance in Nusaniwe District, Ambon City. The study's findings indicate that Alfamidi Employee Performance in Ambon City's Nusaniwe District will benefit from increased working hours, the adversity quotient, and work motivation. Keywords: Working Hours, Adversity Quotient, Work Motivation, Employee performance Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jam kerja, adversity quotient, dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan Alfamidi di Kecamatan Nusaniwe, Kota Ambon. Sampel sebanyak 47 karyawan Alfamidi diambil dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis Regresi Berganda SPSS, yang menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motivasi kerja, adversity quotient, dan jam kerja berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Alfamidi di Kecamatan Nusaniwe, Kota Ambon. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan meningkatkan jam kerja, adversity quotient, dan motivasi kerja akan meningkatkan kinerja karyawan Alfamidi di Kecamatan Nusaniwe, Kota Ambon. Kata kunci: Jam Kerja, Adversity Quotient,Motivasi Kerja, Kinerja Karyawan

The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between social support and adversity quotient in adolescent school transition. The hypothesis of this study was “there was a relationship between social support and adversity quotient in adolescent school transition”. Subjects in this study are 7th grade students in Sleman. All subjects are female and about 11 to 14 years old. This study used Social Supports Scale & Adversity Quotient Scale made by researchers. The Social Support Scale refer to House's theory and the adversity quotient refer to Stoltz's theory. This study use Pearson's Product Moment Correlation to examine whether there was a correlation between social support and adversity quotient in adolescent school transition. Data analysis showed r= 0.520, p = 0.000 (p<0.01) which mean that there was a very significant positive correlation between social support and adversity quotient. From the result of the study, we can conclude that social support has impact on adversity quotient in adolescent school transition. Keywords: adversity quotient, social support, school transition

This study examined the effect of stress and social support on the relationship between single-parent status and depression. A secondary data analysis of the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey was conducted. Single and married mothers who participated in the survey were derived from the general sample (N = 2,921). Logistic regression techniques were used to assess the mediating and moderating effects of stress and social support on the relationship between family structure and depression. Bivariate analyses showed that, compared to married mothers, single mothers were more likely to have suffered an episode of depression (12-month prevalence), to report higher levels of chronic stress, more recent life events and a greater number of childhood adversities. Single mothers also reported lower levels of perceived social support, social involvement and frequency of contact with friends and family than married mothers. The results of the multivariate analyses showed that, together, stress and social support account for almost 40% of the relationship between single- parent status and depression. We also found a conditional effect of stress on depression by family structure. Life events were more strongly related to depression in married than in single mothers. A substantial part of the association between single-parent status and depression can be accounted for by differences in exposure to stress and social support. Our results suggest that it is important to examine multiple sources of stress, as exposure to both distal and proximal stressors were higher among single mothers. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

The association between sociodemographic factors-poverty, lack of maternal schooling, being male at birth-, childhood developmental delay, and poor educational outcomes has been established in the Dominican Republic (DR). However, family moderating factors present or introduced to buffer sociodemographic factors effects on early childhood development (ECD) are still unknown. We conducted a secondary analysis of the DR's 2014 and 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. We had four study aims: 1) confirm the relationship between socioeconomic position (SP), parenting practices, and ECD; 2) determine if a sociodemographic model predicted ECD; 3) determine if a psychosocial model (family childrearing practices, discipline, and early childhood stimulation) predicted ECD above and beyond the sociodemographic model; 4) explore mothers' beliefs about physical punishment and its relationship with ECD and psychosocial variables. We found that both models predicted ECD significantly, but the psychosocial model explained more variance than the sociodemographic model (6.3% in 2014 and 4.4% in 2019). The most relevant sociodemographic predictors were SP (explaining 21.6% of ECD variance in 2014 and 18.6% in 2019) and mother's education (explaining 13.9% in 2014 and 14.1% in 2019). The most salient ECD psychosocial predictors were: negative discipline, number of children's books at home, stimulating activities at home, and attendance to an early childhood education program. The predicting weights of the independent variables were similar for both years. These results have multiple implications for social programs that aim to improve children's potential in contexts of poverty. Although the results show a protective effect of psychosocial factors, sustainable and large-scale interventions should not be limited to just buffering effects, but to solve the underlying problem, which is that poverty prevents children from reaching their developmental potential and exposes them to life-long greater risk for chronic disease. Addressing delays early in life can therefore contribute to achieving health equity.

The association between sociodemographic factors—poverty, lack of maternal schooling, being male at birth—, childhood developmental delay, and poor educational outcomes has been established in the Dominican Republic (DR). However, family moderating factors present or introduced to buffer sociodemographic factors effects on early childhood development (ECD) are still unknown. We conducted a secondary analysis of the DR’s 2014 and 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. We had four study aims: 1) confirm the relationship between socioeconomic position (SP), parenting practices, and ECD; 2) determine if a sociodemographic model predicted ECD; 3) determine if a psychosocial model (family childrearing practices, discipline, and early childhood stimulation) predicted ECD above and beyond the sociodemographic model; 4) explore mothers’ beliefs about physical punishment and its relationship with ECD and psychosocial variables. We found that both models predicted ECD significantly, but the psychosocial model explained more variance than the sociodemographic model (6.3% in 2014 and 4.4% in 2019). The most relevant sociodemographic predictors were SP (explaining 21.6% of ECD variance in 2014 and 18.6% in 2019) and mother’s education (explaining 13.9% in 2014 and 14.1% in 2019). The most salient ECD psychosocial predictors were: negative discipline, number of children’s books at home, stimulating activities at home, and attendance to an early childhood education program. The predicting weights of the independent variables were similar for both years. These results have multiple implications for social programs that aim to improve children’s potential in contexts of poverty. Although the results show a protective effect of psychosocial factors, sustainable and large-scale interventions should not be limited to just buffering effects, but to solve the underlying problem, which is that poverty prevents children from reaching their developmental potential and exposes them to life-long greater risk for chronic disease. Addressing delays early in life can therefore contribute to achieving health equity.

Early childhood stimulation (ECS) services are globally championed due to their proven ability to help children at risk of developmental delay attain their developmental potential. This study explored the effect of different ways of mainstreaming ECS services on child development. A mixed research approach was employed, involving quantitative and qualitative collection methods. Quantitative data was collected using the adopted ZamCAT tool administered to 334 children sampled from the benefited households. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions with the parents (n=4) and in-depth interviews with the key informants (n=14), respectively. The collected quantitative data were coded and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (25), and the collected qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The binary logistic regression model was employed where the results showed a significant effect on child development from home visiting (p = 0.01) and Early childhood development centres (p = 0.016) compared to clinic outreaches. Children's nutritional status was also an influencing factor for a child to attain optimal developmental status. Furthermore, both community members and ECS services providers highly preferred ECD centres and home visiting services as opposed to a preference for clinic outreaches. The study concludes that when children are subjected to ECS services, attaining optimal development potential regardless of the household background characteristics is the forecasted result. Therefore, the study underscores the capacitation of communities on ECS practices utilising the available enabling environment and increased budget allocation for developing specific ECD policies and deploying experts.

This study aims to describe about the effect of (1) leadership towards work motivation, (2) adversity quotient towards work motivation, and (3) leadership towards adversity quotient. The hypotheses of the this research are: (1) there is direct positive effect on leadership towards work motivation, (2) there is direct positive effect on adversity quotient towards work motivation, and (3) there is direct positive effect on leadership towards adversity quotient. The method used in this research was survey. The population was all of junior high school state teachers in District Grogol Petamburan West Jakarta and the total were 189 participants. The results showed that, firstly, there was direct positive effect on leadership towards work motivation with the correlation coefficient r13 = 0,896, and path coefficient p31 at the number 0,514 with α = 0,05. Secondly, there direct was positive effect on adversity quotient towards work motivation with the correlation coefficient r23 = 0,911, and path coefficient p32 at the number 0,561 with α = 0,05. Thirdly, there was direct positive effect on leadership towards adversity quotient with the correlation coefficient r12 = 0,681, and path coefficient p21 at the number 0,681 with α = 0,05. The results of this study are useful for increasing work motivation through increased leadership and increasing adversity quotient through increased leadership.

In any society Single mothers are facing a lot of issues and specially those who are pursing higher education. This paper discusses the challenges faced by single mothers pursuing higher education. The main research question of the study was What are the challenges faced by single parent mother students in Sindh? More specifically the research aims to investigate what specific challenges do single mother encounter in pursuing higher education and how does the presence of a support network effect the educational experiences of single mother students in higher education? The study was qualitative in nature and used phenomenological research method as methodology of the study. The population of the study includes all single mothers residing in Sindh and pursuing higher education. Using, using convenience sampling, 5 single mothers were selected. Interview was used as a data collection instrument and Interpretive Analysis was used as a data analysis technique. Findings of the study showed that single mothers struggle with increased risks to their and their children’s wellbeing. they experience difficulties maintaining enrollment and graduating in higher education. Single mother scholars focused on their parenting deficits versus their educational deficits, endorsing challenges with parenting due to their participation in higher education. They further expressed significant social support and challenges with multiple roles, finances, peer/staff interactions, and childcare. Educational institutions, child welfare agencies, and human service agencies can do a better job of addressing the needs of children and single mothers through advocating for the equal accessibility of higher education to all individuals, especially single mothers by taking an anti-sexist stance. It was concluded that single mothers faces a lot of issues and challenges in pursuing higher education. It was recommended that higher education institutions may device policies to cater the needs of Single mothers

Research has shown elevated levels of common mental disorders among single mothers compared with partnered mothers. The objectives of this analysis were to examine the prevalence of mental health problems among single and partnered mothers and the extent to which this relationship is mediated by socio-demographic, financial and social support variables. Using cross-sectional data from a large, nationally representative longitudinal Australian household survey--the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey--the prevalence of moderate to severe mental disability (as measured by the SF-36) was assessed among 354 single mothers and 1,689 partnered mothers. A series of univariate and simultaneous logistic regression analyses assessed the association between parenting status, the other explanatory variables and mental disability. Mediational analyses were conducted using the 'explained fraction' approach. The prevalence of moderate to severe mental disability was significantly more pronounced among single mothers (28.7%) compared with partnered mothers (15.7%). Including all explanatory factors--socio-demographic, household income, financial hardship and social support--accounted for 94% of the association between single mother status and poor mental health. Financial hardship and social support were the strongest predictors, accounting for most of the predictive power of the other variables. Single mothers are more likely to experience poor mental health than partnered mothers, and the primary factors associated with this are the presence of financial hardship in particular, as well as perceived lack of social support. Future research should examine the extent to which changes in financial hardship among different family types relate to changes in mental health over time, as well as continue to examine variables that may moderate the relationship between social disadvantage and poor mental health.

Previous research has shown single mothers to be at greater risk for both physical and mental health disorders as compared to married mothers. Psychiatric disorders, in particular depression, have been shown to be more prevalent in single mothers than married mothers. This study was aimed at comparing the prevalence of depression, other mood, and anxiety disorders in single and married mothers in a multiethnic Asian society. The Singapore Mental Health Study (SMHS) was a cross-sectional survey of the representative population of Singapore. The survey targeted Singapore residents aged 18 years and above. Trained interviewers established the diagnoses of mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0). Physical illnesses, social support and sociodemographic correlates were established using structured interviews. For the purpose of this study, single mothers were defined as unmarried, divorced/separated/widowed mothers who had children aged 21 years and below. Face-to-face interviews were completed with 6616 respondents from December 2009 to December 2010. After controlling for sociodemographic correlates in multiple logistic regression model, single mothers had significantly higher odds of having mood disorders (OR = 5.28) as compared to married mothers. Our study found that single mothers in Singapore across ethnicities, experienced a higher risk for mood disorders as elsewhere in the world. Single motherhood was also associated with lower age and education. Our study identifies young, single mothers as a vulnerable group associated with mental illnesses that must be targeted with specific interventions to improve mental health and well-being.