Adverse Effects of Dopamine on Systemic Hemodynamic Status and Oxygen Transport in Neonates After the Norwood Procedure

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dopamine on hemodynamic status and oxygen transport in neonates after the Norwood procedure. Dopamine is widely used to augment cardiac performance and increase oxygen delivery (DO2) in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This might be at the expense of increased myocardial and systemic oxygen consumption (VO2), thus offsetting the improved DO2. This balance is particularly fragile in critically ill neonates. Systemic oxygen consumption was continuously measured with respiratory mass spectrometry in 13 sedated, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated neonates for 72 h after the Norwood procedure. Arterial, superior vena caval, and pulmonary venous blood gases were measured to calculate pulmonary blood flow (Q(p)) and systemic blood flow (Q(s)), DO2, and oxygen extraction ratio (ERO2). Rate-pressure product was calculated. Dopamine at a dose of 5 microg/kg/min was routinely administered at cessation of CPB and terminated within the first 48 h. Hemodynamic and oxygen transport measures were obtained before and at 100 min after the termination of dopamine. Terminating dopamine was not associated with significant changes in arterial pressure, Q(p), Q(s), or DO2 but was associated with a significant decrease in heart rate (p = 0.003), rate-pressure product (p = 0.03), and VO2 (-20 +/- 11%, p < 0.0001), resulting in a significant decrease in ERO2 (p = 0.01). Dopamine induces a significant increase in VO2 in neonates after the Norwood procedure, and termination is associated with an improved balance of VO2-DO2. These data further emphasize the importance of understanding changes in VO2 as well as DO2 in infants after cardiac surgery.