Abstract
Immunotherapies include various approaches, ranging from stimulating effector mechanisms to counteracting inhibitory and suppressive mechanisms, and creating a forum for discussing the most effective means of advancing these therapies through imaging is the focus of the newly formed Imaging in Cellular and Immune Therapies (ICIT) interest group within the World Molecular Imaging Society. Efforts are being made in the identification and validation of predictive biomarkers for a number of immunotherapies. Without predictive biomarkers, a considerable number of patients may receive treatments that have no chance of offering a benefit. This will reflect poorly on the field of immunotherapy and will yield false hopes in patients while at the same time contributing to significant cost to the healthcare system. This review summarizes the main strategies in cancer immune and cell-based therapies and discusses recent advances in imaging strategies aimed to improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes.
Highlights
IntroductionThe main categories of immunotherapies being developed include monoclonal antibodies, recombinant cytokines, cancerspecific, and other types of vaccines and adoptive immune cell transfer [3, 7, 8]
Immuno-based therapies have been found to provide lasting and curative benefits to patients who have previously had very few treatment options available to them
Within the World Molecular Imaging Society, we have constituted an interest group comprised of members of the society who share the common interest of fostering the use of imaging to advance and understand cellular and immune-based therapies. This Interest Group is called Imaging in Cellular and Immune Therapies (ICIT), and we present here a brief summary of the field and our efforts in the society to support developments in this important area of investigation
Summary
The main categories of immunotherapies being developed include monoclonal antibodies, recombinant cytokines, cancerspecific, and other types of vaccines and adoptive immune cell transfer [3, 7, 8]. Other forms of immunotherapy including administration of ex vivo expanded tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), transgenic endogenous T cell receptor (TCR)- or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-grafted T cells have been successfully tested in clinical trials in patients with melanoma, B cell malignancies, mesothelioma, ovarian and prostate cancers and will likely get FDA approval in the near future [17,18,19,20,21,22,23] This emerging collection of immune-based therapeutic approaches hold great promise for the treatment of cancer, but are be adopted for many non-malignant conditions such as autoimmunity, infectious diseases, and immunodeficiencies [24,25,26]. This level of sensitivity enables effective assessment of cell localization at target sites and assessment of off target homing in vivo and will be useful in guiding development of novel immune therapies
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