Advancing Ceramics Glaze Formulation with Existing Software Technology Using Locally Available Raw Materials in Nigeria

The object of research is the physical and chemical processes of forming the structure and properties of ceramic masses based on local low-melting clay raw materials of the Kyiv region of Ukraine by adjusting the chemical and mineralogical composition and technological regimes. Building ceramic materials are durable, ecological and natural. They provide increased comfort of buildings due to the creation of a favorable temperature and humidity climate of the premises. When using low-melting raw materials in production, there is a need to develop ways and methods to improve the quality of building ceramics. The efficiency of the manufacture of ceramic products largely depends on the processes that occur during drying. This is of crucial importance and affects the quality of finished products and accounts for 10–12 % of the total cost of finished products. Polymineral clay compositions with the addition of natural mineral raw materials are mainly used for the production of construction materials. For effective use of these materials, it is necessary to study their technological properties. Therefore, the question of researching masses based on low-melting clays with high sensitivity to drying, and the use of zeolite-containing mineral rock as an admixture is relevant. This will allow expanding the nomenclature of building ceramics products. Modern physico-chemical and physico-technological methods of research of raw materials and masses based on them during drying were used to solve the task of obtaining ceramic material from local raw materials with the use of a non-deficient natural additive of zeolite-containing rock as an admixture. The conducted studies indicate that the addition of zeolite-containing rock can be used to improve the drying properties of ceramic masses based on low-melting clays. Adding admixture of zeolite-containing rock also increased the compressive strength of finished products, which ensures defect-free transportation of products to other technological operations.

The article considers the issue of developing a meat and vegetable product from local raw materials. The meat part is sub-products (collagen-rich pig ears and liver with high nutritional qualities) – raw materials, usually with low cost, but with proper processing with high taste, technological and nutritional properties. Local plant raw materials are represented by a not yet widespread crop chickpeas, which perfectly forms a crop in arid conditions of the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation, rich in vegetable protein, other macro- and micronutrients, and in addition, because it is a legume, enriches the light brown soils of the region with nitrogen due to symbiotic microorganisms. The developed product has high taste properties, contains an optimal set of macro- and micronutrients and can be called functional because 1 serving of the product contains more than 15% of average daily needs.

Cette étude explore la diversité technique de la production laminaire dans les villages rubané et Blicquy/ Villeneuve-Saint-Germain de Vaux-et-Borset (Hesbaye, Belgique). Cette diversité technique est essentiellement définie par un traitement différentiel des plans de frappe et des préparations au détachement des lames. Or, les différences relevées ne conduisent pas à la production de supports pour un outillage spécifique. Elles ne se justifient pas non plus par les qualités intrinsèques des matières premières. À contexte de production équivalent, nous proposons dès lors que cette variabilité technique reflète différentes manières de faire parmi les tailleurs du village de Vaux-et-Borset. La reconnaissance d’une véritable continuité de certaines manières de faire entre le Rubané et la culture Blicquy/ Villeneuve-Saint- Germain atteste de leur transmission dans le temps. Cette transmission signe la coexistence d’au moins deux filières d’apprentissage chez les tailleurs au Néolithique ancien. Par ailleurs, les tailleurs rubanés du village de Vaux-et-Borset semblent presque tous issus du même réseau d’apprentissage contrairement aux quatre groupes distingués chez les tailleurs blicquiens. La diversité des pratiques techniques et des traditions techniques au cours du Blicquien est discutée. En l’état actuel des données, il semble qu’elle puisse à la fois résulter de la mobilité de populations avoisinantes et du syncrétisme de certaines traditions.

The study is a contribution to the development of a feed for juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, from local raw materials in order to reduce the cost of feeding farmed tilapia in Senegal. Three feeds were formulated from local raw materials. The basic composition of the tested feeds is as follows: A1 (peanut meal, rice bran, millet bran, maize meal and no fish meal); A2 (peanut meal, rice bran, millet bran, maize meal and 10% fish meal) and A3 (peanut meal, rice bran, millet bran, maize meal and 25% fish meal). All feeds contain 31% protein. The trial compared three batches, in 2 replicates, with different diets. The initial weight of the juveniles was 0.37± 0.5g. The daily ration was distributed at 9 am and 4 pm. After 90 days of experiment, the final mean weights were 2.45 ± 0.5g; 2.75±0.5g; and 4.67 ± 0.5g for A1, A2, and A3, respectively. A performance test, of which the objective was to compare growth parameters, was conducted. The results of the growth parameters of juveniles fed A3 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those fed A1 and A2. The weight growth study shows similar growth during the first month. However, from this date onwards, juveniles fed A3 show a faster growth, which is maintained throughout the experiment. On the other hand, the Protein Efficiency Coefficient and the Survival Rate showed no significant difference. The zootechnical parameters are not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the two tanks for the same feed treatment.

The Neolithic and Bronze Age communities that settled the eastern Carpathian Forelands and Carpathian Foothills used a variety of local and non-local siliceous raw materials. Raw materials identified in the archaeological record differ in quality and usefulness for making tools. Obsidian, Jurassic flint from the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, chocolate flint, or Świeciechów and Volhynian flints represent the best quality. On the other hand, some local raw materials were also in use, most popular among them being siliceous marls and cherts. Sources of siliceous marls and cherts are known from many locations in the Dynów, Strzyżów and Przemyśl foothills. Moreover, systematic field surveys in this area have provided new information on the availability of cherts and siliceous marls at many new locations in the region. They appear in the primary autochthonous, secondary autochthonous, and more rarely in sub-autochthonous or residual, sources. Exposures on steep hill slopes and dissected river valleys provide easy access to the best quality raw materials in the primary autochthonous sources. Raw materials from secondary autochthonous sources in the riverbeds were also available, but they were of lesser quality than those from the exposures. The aim of this paper is to present natural exposures of siliceous marls and cherts and discuss them as a potential source of raw materials for the Neolithic and Bronze Age communities inhabiting loess areas of the eastern Carpathian foreland (Rzeszów Settlement Region).

It has been said that no meaningful industrialisation can take place in a nation without Iron and Steel. In fact, the Iron and Steel is the bedrock of Nigeria’s industrialisation and ultimate factor in the realisation of our industrialisation efforts. Most of the Steel industries have been constructed and erected and they have to go into full operation in view of the huge money already sunk into these projects and the relative irreversibility of investment. Harnessing the local raw materials for engineering and technological development in Nigeria. The development of the economy could therefore be vibrating if the available local raw materials are harnessed. Metallurgical Research and Development are have been carried out which have assisted the industry to discover the use of locally sourced raw materials for the operation of these industries. Apparently, most of the imported raw materials are expensive and sometime difficult to import them due to bureaucratic process and challenges faced at this present stage of steel development in Nigeria. The need for sustained availability of the raw materials for these steel industries calls for drastic reduction in the imported raw materials and this paper will therefore focus on availability of local raw materials which could be harnessed and translate to engineering and technological development in Nigeria. The paper further highlights the local raw materials needed for steel industry; processes for metallurgical coke and of refractory clay were reviewed. Local deposits of these materials were mentioned. The future of metallurgical research and development were brought to the fore and finally some suggestions and recommendations were given which will assist Government, stakeholders and those that are involved in the practice of steel operations and other engineering processes but with emphasis to the steel industries.

Desa Sakatiga terletak di Kecamatan Indralaya Kabupaten Ogan Ilir, Sumatera Selatan, memiliki potensi pengembangan perikanan budidaya. Permasalahan yang sering dialami oleh pembudidaya ikan lele di desa Sakatiga diantaranya tingginya harga pakan dan minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang bahan lokal yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan. Permasalahan tersebut dapat diatasi dengan membuat pakan secara mandiri. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah mengetahui efektivitas pemanfaatan bahan baku lokal sebagai pakan ikan terhadap peningkatan produktivitas budidaya ikan lele (Clarias sp.) di desa Sakatiga, Kecamatan Indralaya, Kabupaten Ogan Ilir, Sumatera Selatan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan penyuluhan dan diskusi, pelatihan pembuatan pakan serta demplot pemanfaatan bahan lokal sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan serta pendampingan teknis oleh tim dan dibantu mahasiswa yang melaksanakan praktik lapang di lokasi mitra. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang bahan lokal yang dapat digunakan sebagai pakan ikan serta motivasi masyarakat untuk membuat pakan dengan menggunakan bahan baku lokal. Pemanfaatan bahan baku lokal sebagai pakan ikan lele menghasilkan pertumbuhan bobot dan panjang mutlak masing-masing sebesar 9,94 g dan 3,83 cm, laju pertumbuhan harian 2,21%/hari, efisiensi pakan 103,24% dan kelangsungan hidup 97%.

Neolithic and Early Bronze Age communities which settled the eastern Carpathians Forelands and Carpathian Foothills used a variety of local and non-local siliceous raw materials. Silicites identified in archaeological material differ in quality and usefulness for making tools. Obsidian, Jurassic flint from the Cracow-Częstochowa Uplands, ‘chocolate’ flint, and Świeciechów (grey white-spotted) and Volhynian flints are the best quality. They were commonly used from the Early Neolithic onwards. On the other hand, some local raw materials were also in used. Among them the so-called Dynów marl or siliceous marls were suggested as the most popular. To correct the classification of raw material of these artefacts HCl (Hydrochloric acid) was used for testing both raw material samples and the artefacts of the so-called Dynów or siliceous marls. The results of the analysis shows that so-called Dynów or siliceous marl consists of several different raw material varieties. More than 50% of the analysed tools were of yellowish or grey-yellowish hornstones (cherts). Both siliceous marls and the chert came probably from different sources and each one has a different chemical composition and physical properties

Increasing the local materials' utilization through community participation in freshwater fish farming is one of the keys to realizing family-based food independence. It can be done by utilizing narrow land, utilizing local raw materials that can be used as ingredients for handmade fish feed, preventing pests and diseases, and improving the aquatic environment's quality. Those steps need to get the attention of various parties through an appropriate technology approach. One of the areas for developing freshwater fish farming in Malang is the Sukun sub-district. The fish farmer group association called in the sukun sub-district that carries out fisheries activities is the Gapoktan. Gapoktan Mekar was formed in 2014 with the chairman, Mr. Rahmad, located in Gadang village, Sukun sub-district. There are four groups: one mina weling fish cultivator group, two farmer groups, namely blossom sari, advanced farmers, and one mulyo farmer group. The number of group members is 55 people. Internal community service activities for Gapoktan Mulyo fish farmers in Gadang village, Sukun District, Malang City aim to increase knowledge and skills on the application of acceptable fish farming methods (CBIB), to improve partners' skills in producing fish feed based on indigenous raw materials, and to increase the skills and knowledge of partners in environmental management based on herbal plants. The methods used in the fisheries team's internal community service program where training and mentoring on acceptable fish farming methods (CBIB), independent fish feed production, and probiotic propagation based on local raw materials. The internal community service activities results are as follows: partners can implement an intensive cultivation system in freshwater fish cultivation activities based on acceptable fish farming practices (CBIB). The program partners have succeeded in producing independent fish feed in fermentation, increasing probiotics manufactured from local raw materials, and partners can implement sustainable water quality monitoring. This evaluation is in line with the increase in fish production data during the activity.

ملخص البحث يهدف البحث إلي الإفادة من الخامات المحلية الموجودة في جمهورية مصر العربية قليلة السعر وعمل ترکيبات کيميائية لها من خلال إضافة بعض الخامات لجعلها تعادل خامات مستوردة عالية السعر بأسلوب يناسب الإمکانات المتاحة لعمل وحدة إنتاج خزفية. کما يهدف إلي تطبيقها من خلال إنتاج أشکال خزفية تخدم المجتمع المصري وتتضمن تجربة عملية قام بها الباحث توضح ان الترکيبات الکيميائية للخامات المحلية تلعب دورا هاما في صناعة المشروعات الخزفية إذ أنها جزء أساسي من إنتاج الأشکال الخزفية التي تخدم المجتمع المصري. مما يوضح أن الصناعات الإبداعية من أهم وسائل الفنون التطبيقية التي تطورت مع التطور العلمي والتکنولوجي ويعتبر مجال الخزف من المجالات التي يمکن أن يخدم المجتمع من خلال إنتاج العديد من المنتجات التي تساعد علي تطور النواحي الفنية والاقتصادية بصورة عامة وتجميل المجتمع بصورة خاصة من خلال إنتاج العديد من المنتجات الخزفية التي يحتاج إليها المجتمع . وذلک من خلال عمل وحدة إنتاجية لإنتاج أشکال خزفية وفقا لأسس واليات ومعايير خاصة ممکن أن تفيد تخدم المجتمع و توفر له عائد مادي يساعده علي مسايرة الحياة. Chemical structures of local raw materials and their utilization in the work of ceramic production unit Dr /Alaa Eldeen Nazmy Mostafa Teacher of earthenware, Department of Art Education, Faculty of Specific Education, MenoufiaUniversity Research summary The research aims to benefit from the local raw materials found in the Arab Republic of Egypt at low prices and the work of chemical formulations by adding some raw materials to make them equivalent to high quality imported raw materials in a way that suits the potential available for the work of ceramic production unit. It also aims to applying it through the production of ceramic forms that serve the Egyptian society. It includes a practical experiment by the researcher that shows that the chemical structures of the local raw materials play an important role in the ceramic projects industry as they are an essential part of the production of ceramic forms that serve the Egyptian society. Which demonstrates that the creative industries are the most important means of applied arts which developed with the scientific and technological development. The field of ceramics is one of the fields that can serve the society through the production of many products that help to develop the technical and economic aspects in general and to beautify society in particular through Produce many ceramic products that society needs. Through the work of a production unit for the production of ceramic forms according to the foundations and mechanisms and special criteria that can benefit the community and provide him with a material return to help him to keep up with life.

Coffee husk waste ranges from 40-45% of wet coffee. In addition, the Coffee leather content is still quite good, namely 10.4% crude protein, 17.2% crude fiber. Liquid fertilizer from red cherry coffee pods with a mixture of local raw materials can be used as liquid organic fertilizer to increase coffee production. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe community empowerment in utilizing coffee husk waste and local raw materials available in the village as raw material for liquid fertilizer, (2) to describe the strategy for developing liquid fertilizer from the coffee rind and local raw materials to increase coffee production. robusta in the village of Tribudisyukur, West Lampung. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach with data collection from the literature, observations, interviews and documentation, and SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the people of Tribudisyukur village can use coffee rind waste and local raw materials as liquid fertilizers for coffee cultivation and horticultural crops. Based on the results of the analysis on the SWOT matrix, the recommendation that must be given is the “Progressive” strategy. Alternative strategies for developing liquid organic fertilizers that can be applied are (1) Utilizing quality raw material products (perfectly ripe) as a potential market share which is still widely supported by increasing public interest in organic products and creating new jobs due to the wider market. (2) Cultivating plants that have the potential for fruit rich in nutrients for the availability of nutrients and ecosystem sustainability and to streamline the cost of coffee cultivation.

Management of lithic raw materials in the “Mesolithic with geometrics” (Northern of Iberian Peninsula): chaînes opératoires and territory

The state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the period up to 2035, along with ensuring the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and preserving the Arctic as a territory of peace, stable and mutually beneficial partnership, provides for ensuring a high quality of life and well-being of the population of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, in accordance with this, one of the tasks is to promote a healthy lifestyle and create conditions for improving efficiency of development and extraction (catch) of aquatic biological resources, stimulating the production of fish products based on local agricultural raw materials and food. The article presents aspects of the features of the diet of workers working in the conditions of the arthric zone of the Russian Federation and offers options for optimizing the nutrition of this population group. Sociological studies of the purchasing power of fish products by the population of Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are presented, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the relevance of the development of technologies and formulations of functional fish products based on local raw materials. The fish raw materials of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug have been analyzed, which can be used for the subsequent development of fish food products with physiologically functional ingredients of plant origin to maintain the protein-fat balance of the polar metabolic type.

In the present paper 71 fragments of Punic pottery (IV-III century B.C.) coming from Tharros (western Sardinia, Italy) were studied from an archaeometric point of view. The main objectives of this study was to distinguish local and imported productions. To this purpose both ceramics and local clay raw materials were taken into consideration. The following investigation techniques were used : optical microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, thermal analyses, scanning electron microscopy, granulometric analyses. Pétrographie and chemical analyses pointed out the existence of three different types of bodies, among which the most consistent includes about 85% of the examined sherds. This type of body can be retained as representative of the local production. The comparison between the results relative to ceramics and raw materials allowed to confirm this hypothesis. The local raw materials used is a Messinian clayey silt, which is known in literature as «Capo San Marco Formation». Usually a quantity of calcareous sand was added, up to 30%. By considering the conservation state of the calcareous grains and the presence of neo-formed phases, very different firing temperatures were deduced, from 650 to over 950°C approximately. The firings were always performed in an oxidizing atmosphere. As decorations are regarded, it was possible to establish that the presence of noticeable amounts of hematite is responsible of the red colour, while traces of manganese are responsible of the black colour.

This paper reviewed the production of electric porcelain insulators utilizing from local raw materials from developing countries. The raw materials used were feldspar, quartz/silica and kaolin. The chemical composition, mineralogy, and thermal properties of the raw materials were characterized using AAS, XRD, and TGA respectively. Different weight percentage combinations of the individual raw materials were investigated by the authors. Most of the results showed relatively acceptable porcelain insulators properties such as low water absorption, porosity, high insulation resistance, dielectric strength and bulk density. The paper showed that electric porcelain insulators with good properties can be produced from available local raw materials in some developing countries using appropriate formulations. However, for production of improved porcelain insulators properties, suggestions were made on the areas for future research.