Advances in biomarker discovery and radiological techniques for early detection of ovarian cancer

Abstract

Aim: This review investigates recent advances in biomarker discovery and radiological techniques for the early detection of ovarian cancer, emphasizing the significance of early diagnosis in improving patient outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on various biomarkers, including CA125, HE4, and emerging candidates such as circulating tumor DNA and microRNA, alongside radiological imaging techniques such as ultrasound and MRI. The sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers and imaging modalities were analyzed through clinical studies and trials. Results: Current biomarkers like CA125 and HE4 demonstrate varied sensitivities and specificities, with CA125 having low sensitivity in early stages but higher specificity. Radiological techniques provide crucial complementary information, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Novel approaches, such as the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm (ROCA) and multivariate index assays like OVA1 and ROMA, show promise in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, potential biomarkers, including glycoforms of CA125, autoantibodies, and methylation changes, have emerged as significant candidates for further research. Conclusion: While significant progress has been made in biomarker and radiological technique development for ovarian cancer, challenges persist in achieving the ideal sensitivity and specificity for early detection.