Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment technologies have been extensively studied for degrading organic matter, suspended solids, nutrient removal, and lowering microbial loads. They produce acceptable-quality effluent, but researchers have reported several limitations. Recently, advanced wastewater treatment technologies have preceded as an alternative to the degradation of recalcitrant wastes such as persistent organic compounds (POPs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and heavy metals (H.M). They can be physical, chemical, biological, or integration between one or more technologies. This is to meet the requirements for reuse for different purposes, minimize or prevent the negative impacts on the environment, and create new untraditional water resources to solve the water shortage problem. This article is a collected review of advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Also, the applications of these technologies with special concern for partially/hardly degradable pollutants from wastewater are indicated. They are eco-friendly, cost-effective, low-energy systems with a small footprint. Their selection depends on the characterization of wastewater, biodegradability, available footprint, quality of treated effluent required, cost, availability of funds, and personal skills.
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