Abstract
Simple SummaryNanoparticulate systems have been extensively explored for the treatment of various diseases, including cancers. The outstanding characteristics of nanoparticles have made it possible to administer them via different routes such as intravenous or inhalation. This flexibility can improve the delivery of encapsulated drugs to the targeted cells for the treatment of lung-related diseases and cancers such as non-small cell lung cancers. The effectiveness of a treatment option needs to be validated in suitable in vitro and/or in vivo models. As the handling of in vivo models is a challenge, many researchers have turned towards in vitro models that use normal cells or specific cells from diseased tissues. This review focuses on the currently available nanoparticles for lung cancers and the type of cellular work that can be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a nanoparticulate system for this cancer type.Lung cancers, the number one cancer killer, can be broadly divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with NSCLC being the most commonly diagnosed type. Anticancer agents for NSCLC suffer from various limitations that can be partly overcome by the application of nanomedicines. Nanoparticles is a branch within nanomedicine that can improve the delivery of anticancer drugs, whilst ensuring the stability and sufficient bioavailability following administration. There are many publications available in the literature exploring different types of nanoparticles from different materials. The effectiveness of a treatment option needs to be validated in suitable in vitro and/or in vivo models. This includes the developed nanoparticles, to prove their safety and efficacy. Many researchers have turned towards in vitro models that use normal cells or specific cells from diseased tissues. However, in cellular works, the physiological dynamics that is available in the body could not be mimicked entirely, and hence, there is still possible development of false positive or false negative results from the in vitro models. This article provides an overview of NSCLC, the different nanoparticles available to date, and in vitro evaluation of the nanoparticles. Different types of cells suitable for in vitro study and the important precautions to limit the development of false results are also extensively discussed.
Highlights
After breast cancer, lung cancer (LC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in the world, with over two million new cases in 2020 [1]
Lung cancer can be categorized into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
SCLC is a lethal tumor accounting for approximately 15% of lung cancers, while NSCLC accounts for about 80–85% of lung cancers
Summary
Lung cancer (LC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in the world, with over two million new cases in 2020 [1]. The FDA approved the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab (the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor) as the first-line treatment for certain patients with metastatic or recurrent NSCLC, with no EGFR or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genomic tumor aberrations [17] These immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) presented a new landmark in oncology, and they have been shown to be significantly better than the use of docetaxel in terms of overall survival, progression-free survival, duration of response, and overall response rate [18]. All these drugs are highly effective in treating NSCLC, they still suffer from several limitations, including toxicity, severe side effects, drug resistance problems, high dose requirements for efficacy, and high treatment costs. Types of NDDS, use of cell evaluation, and the rationale behind their applications in permeability and cell uptake studies as well as toxicity evaluation of the NDDS are presented and discussed
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