Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) based on the femtosecond laser (fs laser) direct writing technique in the realization of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) shapes is spotlighted as a unique and promising processing technique. It is also interesting that TPP can be applied to various applications in not only optics, chemistry, physics, biomedical engineering, and microfluidics but also micro-robotics systems. Effort has been made to design innovative microscale actuators, and research on how to remotely manipulate actuators is also constantly being conducted. Various manipulation methods have been devised including the magnetic, optical, and acoustic control of microscale actuators, demonstrating the great potential for non-contact and non-invasive control. However, research related to the precise control of microscale actuators is still in the early stages, and in-depth research is needed for the efficient control and diversification of a range of applications. In the future, the combination of the fs laser-based fabrication technique for the precise fabrication of microscale actuators/robots and their manipulation can be established as a next-generation processing method by presenting the possibility of applications to various areas.
Highlights
Motion is an essential element in maintaining the life of living organisms, and life has evolved to induce efficient movement for a long time
Due to the lack of mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and magnetic and optical properties of structures fabricated by Two-photon polymerization (TPP) [21], additional processes are required for the remote manipulation or driving of actuators by magnetic, optical, and acoustic control
We explore the driving/control methods of micro-actuators fabricated based on the TPP technique
Summary
Motion is an essential element in maintaining the life of living organisms, and life has evolved to induce efficient movement for a long time. A commonly used propulsion mechanism is a chemical-based actuation mechanism that is based on the conversion of chemical energy into propulsion [8,9] In this process, the actuator’s driving force can be obtained from the concentration gradient of molecules or the microbubble generation during chemical decomposition. Due to the lack of mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and magnetic and optical properties of structures fabricated by TPP [21], additional processes are required for the remote manipulation or driving of actuators by magnetic, optical, and acoustic control. We explore the driving/control methods of micro-actuators fabricated based on the TPP technique. We summarize the progress of the remote control of 3D micro-actuators/robots concerning the fabrication processes, actuation mechanisms, limitations, and reviews of the potential applications and challenges to be solved
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