Abstract
One method of prevention of mosquito borne diseases is the reduction of the mosquito population in the various stages of development, such as the use of ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and mosquitocidal substances. The application of chemical insecticides in mosquito control has resulted in the persistence and accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals in the ecosystem, biological magnification through the food chain, insecticide resistance, and a toxic effect in human health and non-target organisms. Many studies on plant extracts against the mosquito population have been conducted around the world. The plant-mediated repellents are advantageous over chemical and physical methods, since it is cheap, single-step, and does not require high pressure, energy, temperature, or the use of highly toxic chemicals. In the latest years, a growing number of plant-borne compounds have been proposed for efficient and rapid extracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles effective against mosquitoes at very low doses. The present study reveals that the aqueous extract of this leaf has a suitable property for a larvicidal natural product and may replace harmful chemical pesticides.
Highlights
Mosquitoes are vectors of many diseases, including malaria, filariasis, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis
Country-level burden estimates available for 2010 show that an estimated 80% of malaria deaths occur in just 14 countries and about 80% of cases occur in 17 countries
The Insect growth regulators (IGRs) compounds do not induce quick mortality in the pre-imaginal stages treated and occur many days post treatment. This is a desirable feature of a control agent because larvae of mosquitoes and other vectors are an important source of food for fish and wildlife
Summary
Mosquitoes are vectors of many diseases, including malaria, filariasis, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis. Culex quinquefasciatus is a laboratory host to a wide variety of other arboviruses including Murray Valley Encephalitis, Edge Hill, Eubenangee, Getah, Kokobera, Koongol, Kowanyama, Kunjin, Mapputta, Stratford, Trubanaman, Wongal, Reovirus type 3 and Chikungunya viruses (Holder et al, 1999) It is a domestic pest in many urban areas and often comes indoors at night to bite (Holder et al, 1999). The IGR compounds do not induce quick mortality in the pre-imaginal stages treated and occur many days post treatment This is a desirable feature of a control agent because larvae of mosquitoes and other vectors are an important source of food for fish and wildlife. On account of these advantages of IGRs and the high level of activity against target species, it is likely that IGRs could play an important role in vector control programs in the future (Mulla, 1995) They are more specific for mosquitoes than conventional insecticides. Ecdysone agonists are hormonally active insect growth regulators that disrupt development of larvae and are found to be active against Ae. aegypti, An. gambiae, and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Beckage et al, 2004)
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