Adult Dyslexia Traits as Predictors of Hot/Cool Executive Function and Prospective Memory Abilities

Prospective memory in MCI and dementia: Assessment methods and cognitive correlates

Introduction Prospective memory has received relatively little attention from a clinical perspective, yet it is an important part of daily functioning. Executive functions have been linked with prospective memory abilities, and age differences are found in both executive functions and prospective memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether age cohort differences in prospective memory abilities are mediated by executive functions, specifically inhibition. Method Participants (N = 108) consisted of young adults (n= 53) and older adults (n= 55) without any neurocognitive impairment. Participants completed a clinical interview and a battery of neuropsychological tests that included the Mini-Mental Status Exam–2 Standard Version (MMSE-2-SV), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST-64), the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System Color-Word Interference Test (D-KEFS CWIT), and the Virtual Kitchen Protocol (VKP). Results Young adults had higher prospective memory scores than older adults. Inhibition (i.e., D-KEFS CWIT) mediated the relationship between age cohort and prospective memory, while cognitive flexibility did not mediate the relationship. Conclusions Older adults may have diminished inhibition abilities that may negatively affect their ability to complete prospective memory tasks.

Prospective memory affects satisfaction with the contraceptive pill

Clarifying the Nature and Extent of Prospective Memory Impairment after Stroke

Primary objective: To examine prospective and declarative memory problems following moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the relationship between prospective memory (PM) and declarative memory and PM and other cognitive functions.Research design: The performance of persons who suffered a TBI (n = 25) was compared with that of a demographically matched control group (n = 25).Methods and procedures: Measures of time- and event-based PM, visual and verbal declarative memory, attention and executive functioning were administered to both groups.Main outcome and results: The group with a TBI performed more poorly on event- and time-based PM, verbal declarative memory, certain aspects of attention and executive functioning. The correlations between the measures of PM, declarative memory and the other cognitive tests were all non-significant.Conclusions: Problems with declarative memory, attention, and executive functioning do not adequately account for poorer PM performance following a TBI, suggesting that PM should also be assessed following TBI.

Byline: Amresh. Shrivastava, Megan. Johnston, Ming. Tsuang This review considers the effects of cannabis on cognitive functioning, in both short and long term. Although the general impression supported by many studies is that cannabis causes cognitive decline, particularly with long-term usage, some research suggests that this may not be the case. Nevertheless, certain specific neuropsychological parameters have been found to be affected. Most commonly and consistently reported are response time, prolongation of word viewing time, basic oculomotor deficit, residual verbal memory and executive functioning. The pathways to cognitive dysfunction are given particular focus, including the role of the central nervous system (CNS) cannabinoid system. Finally, the psychiatric effects of cannabis are considered in light of the idea that cognitive function may be the common denominator in the association between cannabis and psychotic disorders. Effect of Cannabis on Cognition Cannabis is one of the most commonly abused illicit drugs. The World Health Organization [sup][1] reports that almost 3% of the world's adult population abuses cannabis, with many more individuals reporting less frequent use. Adolescents in particular consume high levels of cannabis, starting generally between 12 and 16 years of age. This is an important factor from a psychiatric and developmental point of view. [sup][2] Cannabis use is of important consideration in light of its recognized acute and long-term health effects. [sup][1],[3] Active compounds of cannabis, called cannabidols, have 64 active isomers, each having different effects on human health and behavior. Only one metabolite, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is reported to be an active metabolite responsive for its effects. [sup][4] Studies show that it induces both psychical and physical dependencies, [sup][5] but the perception of withdrawal is weak on account of its slow elimination. [sup][6] There is a widely held belief that cannabis is inert to the brain, [sup][7] and although the psychological consequences are quite evident, the population at large seems unconvinced. There is much debate about the nature of cannabis dependence, as it is considered non-addicting due to the absence of a withdrawal state. This presumption has also been proved wrong. [sup][6] The general impression supported by many studies is that cannabis causes cognitive decline, particularly with long-term usage. Majority of studies have suggested a significant cognitive decline in cannabis abusers compared to non-abusers and healthy controls. [sup][8],[9],[10] A report by Bartholomew et al. [sup][11] suggested that cannabis use has a detrimental effect on prospective memory ability in young adults but users may not be aware of these deficits. Cannabis is known to produce substantial acute effects on human cognition and visuomotor skills. Many recent studies additionally revealed rather long-lasting effects on basic oculomotor control, especially after chronic use. [sup][12] Even so, it is still unknown to what extent these deficits play a role in everyday tasks that strongly rely on an efficient saccade system, such as reading. Cannabis has a negative impact on cognition; however, the current body of research literature does not provide evidence of significant, long-term effects due to cannabis use. Several acute effects are noted and some are suggestive of negative mental health consequences. [sup][13] Evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that the severity of the effects of cannabis use on cognitive development is dependent on the age when cannabis use begins. [sup][14] One possible explanation is that those who begin cannabis use early in adolescence are more likely to become heavily dependent. It is plausible that chronic cannabis abuse will then interfere with educational and vocational training. From a more biological perspective, however, use of cannabis during critical developmental periods in the still maturing brain may induce persistent alterations in brain structure and brain function. …

While short-term and working memory deficits in individuals with dyslexia are well documented, the effects of dyslexia on prospective memory (PM) have been neglected. A range of PM measures were administered to different samples of university students with and without dyslexia (typically N = 50, 25 per group, matched for age and IQ, and differing on reading and spelling measures). Questionnaire data indicated that individuals with dyslexia perceived themselves as significantly worse on everyday PM activities than non-dyslexics. These data were corroborated by ratings taken from close friends/relatives of the participants. Naturalistic data revealed that adults with dyslexia performed more poorly on a time-based task involving a delay of 40 minutes and 24 hours and an event-based PM task involving a one week delay. There were no event-based PM deficits in dyslexia in the experimental tasks. However, adults with dyslexia were significantly worse at time-based tasks. Difficulties with PM would, therefore, seem to be evident in adults with dyslexia and tend to manifest themselves in time-based PM tasks. This interpretation is consistent with executive functioning problems associated with dyslexia and theories that take a broader view of dyslexia than phonological processing alone.

Current management attempts for Alzheimer's disease (AD) focus on the identification of individuals in the preclinical stage. This has led to the development of the diagnostic concept of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which applies to individuals with declining cognitive abilities but largely preserved everyday functioning. Previous findings indicate that prospective memory deficits are a sensitive marker of preclinical AD and that awareness of prospective memory failures is particularly high, based on its dependence on executive functions. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of subjective prospective versus retrospective memory complaints for an initial screening for MCI and their respective associations with executive functions. 71 healthy older adults, 27 MCI patients, and 9 patients with mild AD completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and three executive functions tests. The healthy and the MCI group could not be distinguished by their level of subjective prospective or retrospective memory complaints, but the mild AD patients differed from the other groups by complaining more about retrospective than prospective memory failures. For the healthy older adults, the prospective memory complaints were correlated to an inhibition test, whereas they did not correlate with any of the executive function tests in the MCI patients. In contrast, in both groups the retrospective memory complaints were related to a task switching test. The findings are discussed with respect to differences between the three groups in cognitive abilities, attention to failures of, use of mnemonic aids for, and everyday demands of prospective and retrospective memory.

Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember and execute planned tasks. This ability is associated with certain cognitive processes and personality traits. This study investigated the mediating role of impulsivity facets in the relationship between executive functions and prospective memory. Urmia University students (n = 201) participated in this cross-sectional study conducted from October to December 2023. Cluster sampling was employed for recruitment. Data were collected using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI), and Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (S-UPPS-P). Correlational analyses and path analysis were conducted. The path analysis revealed that among impulsivity facets, just lack of perseverance partially mediates the relationship between working memory and prospective memory (β = .062, p < .05), but not between inhibition and prospective memory (β = .010). These findings suggest that working memory deficits contribute to prospective memory failures, with lack of perseverance acting as a single mediator. This highlights the importance of considering both lack of perseverance and working memory for a comprehensive understanding of prospective memory difficulties.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that prospective memory (PM) abilities are impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI). PM refers to the ability to remember to complete a planned action following a delay. PM post-TBI has been shown to be related to performance on neuropsychological tests of executive functioning and retrospective episodic memory (RM). However, the relative influence of impairments in RM versus executive functioning on PM performance post-TBI remains uninvestigated. In the current study, PM and neuropsychological test performance were examined in 45 persons with a history of moderate to severe TBI at least 1 year before enrollment. Regression analyses examined the relative contributions of RM and executive functioning in the prediction of PM performance on the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT). Results indicated that scores on tests of delayed RM and rule monitoring (i.e., ability to avoid making errors on executive measures) were the strongest predictors of PM. When the interaction between RM impairment and rule monitoring was examined, a positive relationship between PM and rule monitoring was found only in TBI participants with impaired RM. Results suggest that PM performance is dependent upon rule monitoring abilities only when RM is impaired following TBI.

Background and Objectives: This research project aimed to investigate the effect of a moderate dose of alcohol on three key forms of prospection, namely episodic future thinking (EFT), episodic foresight, and prospective memory (PM). To date, limited research has directly examined the effect of acute alcohol consumption on prospection, with no studies investigating EFT or episodic foresight in the context of acute alcohol use, and only five studies investigating its effect on PM. Furthermore, very little is known about the cognitive abilities that have been proposed to underpin these forms of prospection, and thus, what may drive any acute alcohol-related impairment in these abilities. Additionally, research investigating the interrelations between the various forms of prospection is scarce, with the majority of empirical studies to date having investigated these abilities in isolation. Three empirical studies were therefore devised to directly investigate the effect of acute alcohol use on EFT, episodic foresight, and PM, as well as their potential cognitive underpinnings, and their interrelations. Specifically, Study 1 aimed to provide the first empirical assessment of EFT following a moderate dose of alcohol, and to examine if any observed difficulties were underpinned by acute alcohol-related difficulties in retrospective episodic memory and/or executive dysfunction. Study 2 aimed to provide the first empirical assessment of episodic foresight following a moderate dose of alcohol, and to examine the extent to which any observed impairment may be contributed to by difficulties in retrospective memory, executive functions, and/or EFT. Study 3 aimed to extend past research by clarifying the nature and magnitude of acute alcohol-related impairment in PM. In addition, Study 3 investigated the cognitive abilities that have been proposed to underpin PM, namely retrospective memory, executive functions, and EFT. Finally, this research project investigated sex differences in each of the key forms of prospection assessed. Method and Results: A single sample of 124 healthy adult social drinkers aged 18-37 years were recruited and randomly assigned to either the alcohol (n = 61) or placebo (n = 63) condition in a double-blind independent group design. Participants were administered a dose of 0.6g/kg alcohol or a matched placebo drink and completed a comprehensive battery of measures selected to address all research questions of the three studies. Study 1 identified that EFT was impaired by acute alcohol consumption, and that this impairment was underpinned by difficulties engaging in retrospective episodic memory, but not executive functions. Study 2 found that episodic foresight was also impaired by acute alcohol use, and that acute alcohol-related deficits in retrospective memory contributed to episodic foresight performance in the alcohol group. However, executive functions and EFT were not found to underpin episodic foresight performance. Study 3 identified pervasive impairments in PM following acute alcohol consumption, but did not identify any contribution of retrospective memory, executive function, or EFT in PM performance. Finally, the results showed no sex differences in performance on any of the three forms of prospection following acute alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Overall, this research project provided novel insights into the effect of acute alcohol consumption on cognition and suggests that prospection may be highly sensitive to the adverse effects of acute moderate alcohol consumption. Further research is now needed to clarify the mechanisms through which acute alcohol use induces impairment in these forms of prospection. Future research should also consider replicating this study using a range of doses of alcohol to produce a dose-response curve. These results increase understanding about the difficulties associated with consuming even a moderate dose of alcohol and have significant implications for policy making and the treatment of individuals with an alcohol use disorder.

Prospective memory (PM) describes the ability to fulfill previously planned intentions and is highly dependent on executive functions. Previous studies have shown deficits in executive functions in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and in their unaffected siblings. JME has a strong genetic predisposition and it is hypothesized that cognitive deficits are also genetically determined. The present study aimed at investigating potential differences in PM between patients with JME, their siblings, and healthy controls. Nineteen patients with JME, 21 siblings, and 21 healthy controls were examined with a complex PM paradigm allowing us to evaluate the different phases of PM (i.e., intention formation, intention retention, intention initiation, intention execution). Patients with JME and siblings showed specific deficits during intention formation and intention execution of PM. Patients with JME were more impaired than both siblings and healthy controls. Correlation analysis revealed an influence of planning on prospective memory abilities in patients with JME. The results of this study support the hypothesis of frontal dysfunctions being part of the epileptic syndrome and therefore genetically determined. As in this study patients with JME are more severely cognitively impaired than their siblings, additional influencing factors, such as side effects of anticonvulsants or cognitive effects of subclinical epileptic discharges, might contribute to patients' performance.

S91INTERVENTION EFFECTS MITIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POLYGENIC RISK FOR ALCOHOL USE AND INHIBITORY CONTROL IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Cognitive correlates of prospective memory in dystonia

Explaining complex age-effects on prospective memory