Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) delayed below dams rapidly deplete energy stores

Abstract

Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) return to rivers in spring for an energetically costly upstream migration for spawning. These fish are often delayed in the lower river below dams, subjecting them to warmer waters than occur in upstream sections of river, that may increase metabolic costs. We sought to quantify the energetic cost of dam-mediated delays in migrating adults in the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers, ME. We radio-tagged fish at the lower most dams, released them downstream (18 and 14 km), and tracked their movements back upstream. We used a Distell Fish Fatmeter as a noninvasive measurement of full-body energy at tagging and then again after re-ascending the fish-way at the dams. We found that adults ( n = 99) experienced average delays of 16–23 days at dams, losing 11%–22% of initial fat reserves. Using linear regressions, we showed thermal experience as a strong predictor of fat loss. Delay time was also a contributing factor. Extensive delays at dams expose migrating Atlantic salmon to warmer temperatures and increase the depletion rate of energy reserves required for spawning and post-spawn survival.