Abstract
In this study, biogenic activated carbon were successfully synthesized from Citrus limetta pulp residue, and applied to remove fluoride from an aqueous solution. For the synthesis activated carbon of biosorbents, raw materials were heated in muffle furnace at two different temperatures i.e. (250 °C and 500 °C) and were noted as ACP-250 and ACP-500. The prepared biosorbents were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Batch adsorption studies were performed with varying temperature, dosage, pH, and various initial concentrations. Adsorption isotherms and the reaction kinetics were also analyzed in order to understand the adsorption mechanism. The results of this study shows that the maximum removal achieved was approximately (86 and 82) % of ACP-500 and ACP-250, respectively. The isotherm results show that the Langmuir isotherm model fitted better, with monolayer adsorption capacity of 12.6 mg/g of fluoride. However, for kinetic study, the pseudo-second-order kinetics fitted well. The synthesized materials at different temperature were highly effective for the removal of fluoride from water, with reusability of three to four times.
Highlights
The presence of fluoride in drinking water offerings a severe complication worldwide[1]
The pHzpc value of an aqueous solution plays an important role in the surface charge of the biosorbent
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of ACP-250 and ACP-500 confirmed that fluoride-adsorbing groups were present on the surface of biosorbents
Summary
The presence of fluoride in drinking water offerings a severe complication worldwide[1]. In India, more than 95% of rural and (30–40) % of the urban population are dependent on groundwater.[2] The higher amount of fluoride in groundwater is dangerous for drinking purposes. Fluoride is released in groundwater through the slow leaching of fluorine-containing rock,[3] and of several minerals viz., topaz, biotite, fluorite, and their corresponding host rock, such as basalt, syenite, granite, etc.[4] while the natural geological source contributes fluoride to groundwater, several industries contribute to fluoride contamination.[5] According to Shen et al.[6] some industries generate fluoride in the environment, and discharge higher fluoride concentration than natural geological dissolution, ranging (10–1,000) mg/L.7. More than 200 million people worldwide are affected by higher fluoride concentration that exceeds the WHO guideline of 1.5 mg/L.8. Contamination of fluoride occurs in different parts of India, including According to Shen et al.[6] some industries generate fluoride in the environment, and discharge higher fluoride concentration than natural geological dissolution, ranging (10–1,000) mg/L.7 More than 200 million people worldwide are affected by higher fluoride concentration that exceeds the WHO guideline of 1.5 mg/L.8 Contamination of fluoride occurs in different parts of India, including
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