Abstract
Levulinic acid (LA) from aqueous solutions was removed by using commercial adsorbent Amberlite XAD-4 (XAD-4). The equilibrium and kinetic studies were performed to investigate the effect of adsorbent amount (1g to 3.5g at 298K, 308K and 318K), initial acid concentration (2g·L−1 to 4g·L−1 at 298K, 308K and 318K), and contact time (t, 10min to 90min at 298K) on the capability of XAD-4. The uptake capability and removal efficiency of XAD-4 for the adsorption of LA was observed to increase by increasing amount of adsorbent. In the equilibrium experiments of LA adsorption, adsorption capacity value was increased to 26.85mg·g−1 from 10mg·g−1 at 298K with an increase in the amount of XAD-4. In the kinetic studies, the equilibrium time of 70min was obtained. Also equilibrium study was performed at three different temperatures, 298, 308 and 318K. The maximum removal was obtained at 298K. Thermodynamic model parameters such as ∆G°, ∆H° and ∆S° are estimated at three different LA concentration (2g·L−1, 3g·L−1 and 4g·L−1). Different isotherm and kinetic models were applied to estimate the equilibrium and kinetic parameters.
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