Adsorption of Cadmium (Cd) Metal in Solution Using Pofa-Based Zeolite (Palm Oil Fly Ash)

The aim of this research was to know if palm oil (Elaeis Guineensis) fly ash could replace some cement. Palm oil fly ash which used was taken from palm oil factory PT.Sandabi Indah Lestari at North Bengkulu. The research was directed according to SK SNI-T-15-1990-03, used cylinder specimens, water cement ratio 0.5, and slump value 30-60 mm. The research was substituted partly cement with palm oil fly ash as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of cement weight. There were two types of sand used in the research namely oceanic sand and mountain sand. All the samples had the same caring until 28 days when the compression test carried out. Concrete compression strength showed decreasing trend. The strength decreased as the increasing of percent of palm oil fly ash used. The maximum decreases compared to the strength of concrete without the ash were 40% when the concrete used mountain sand and 45,19% when it used oceanic sand.

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains β-carotene as source of pro-vitamin A. Alternative adsorbent that can be used to adsorb β-carotene is Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA). This study aims to determine the ability of POFA activated with H3PO4 and Cu/Zn impregnation to adsorb β-carotene from CPO to obtain characteristics data of modified POFA and its ability to adsorb β-carotene. The main materials used were CPO and POFA. The parameters observed were the characterization and performance test of 9% H3PO4-activated POFA produced at various heating times for 90, 150, and 210 minutes with Cu/Zn impregnation. BET analysis showed the POFA with heating time of 90 minutes had the largest surface area of 19.4785 m2/g, XRD showed the presence of CuO, ZnO, quartz, and SiO2 diffraction patterns, FTIR showed that the POFA contained O-H groups, O-H, Si-H, Al-O, asymetric Si-O, and Si-O-Si bending vibrations, and SEM-EDX results showed that POFA has hollow pores and a rough spherical surface. Based on the results of UV-Vis Spectrophotometry analysis, the most optimal result was obtained in the β-carotene adsorption process with POFA-modified 2 variations of activation heating time for 150 minutes, which succeeded in adsorbing 86% of ꞵ-carotene.

This paper presents the study on the strength of Malaysian soft soil stabilized using mixing of lime and palm oil fly ash (Lime-POFA). Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) additives used in this study is a finely product from waste product from the process of burning palm oil fiber and described as a by-product of thermal power plants where palm oil fiber shell, and empty fruit bunches was burnt at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1,000 °C until it is in fly ash condition. According to ASTM C618, the POFA used in this study has been tested and classified as Class-F fly ash accordingly to ASTM C618 because POFA describe as siliceous and aluminous materials that possess little or no cementitious value. In that condition, POFA need to combines with small quantities of lime for pozzolanic reaction. The samples of soft soil classified as slightly sandy CLAY of intermediate plasticity has been used in this study. The optimum of 3 % hydrated lime used in this study as an active additive to the various percentage mixtures of POFA for the pozzolanic reaction. The first objective of this study is to determine the optimum proportion of POFA to be mixed with 3 % lime to stabilize the clay soil based on the compressive strength at 0, 14 and 28 days of curing periods. The second objective is to determine the strength development of clay soil stabilized at the optimum percentage of POFA mixed with 3 % lime at 0, 14 and 28 days of curing periods. This study involved in unconfined compression strength to determine the strength of stabilized clay soil. The development of compressive strength of soil stabilized using (Lime-POFA) were compared to the compressive strength of unstabilized soil. The result shows, the 6 % POFA mixed with 3 % Lime was the suitable proportion in term of strength and strength development and can be used as additives to stabilize clay soil.

In this study several types of bricks were produced containing substituent from industrial wastes. The industrial wastes used are palm oil and electric power plant fly ash. These waste products are used to replace the natural ingredient in the manufacturing of brick clay namely as clay. Conventional bricks are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing or from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. At the present, the world's natural resources are decreasing so many alternative actively pursued to ensure that the natural ingredients will remain unchanged for the use of the more significant and worthwhile. In this study, some suggestions have been proposed where the using of fly ash as a clay replacement materials in the percentage of 20%, 40% and 60%. The several laboratory experiments was carried out, where the high compressive strength with 20% of fly ash replacement is 15.5 N/mm2 while for the 20% of power plant fly ash replacement provide a compressive strength of 103 N/mm2. For optimum water absorption, the rate is 17.05% which is from 20% of palm oil fly ash replacement while for brick from 60% power plant fly ash, the rate of water absorption is 4.96%. Therefore, this study can contribute to recycling the industrial waste material as a replacement material in brick in Malaysia. Recycling waste is one way to ensure that waste management can be controlled.

Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) has been considered as a potential source of silica for paper filler. The objective of this work is to prepare a filler from the Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) to reduce disposal and waste problem. The extraction of silica from POFA can be carried out using solution of 5 M NaOH with ratio 1:5 (w/w, with respect to POFA), stirring speed of 600 rpm for 4 hours, resulting the 0.8770 M silica in Na2SiO3. The product is then reacted with Ca(OH)2 to produce paper filler (CaSiO3). The filler was characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Disperse X-Ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). FTIR spectrum showed the formation of OH, C = O, Si-O-Ca and Si-O-Si functional groups, whereas the SEM-EDX analysis revealed the porous surface with the aggregation of needle-like morphology and contained five elements such as O (45,14%), Mg (0,85%), Si (15,65%), Ca (36,77%) and Al (1,59%). Meanwhile, XRD spectroscopy showed the presence of calcium silicate, calcite, vaterite, calcium hydroxide and quartz. Data from PSA analysis indicated that the filler has narrow particle size distribution compared with commercial fillers (GCC & PCC) and has small average particle size compared with PCC. The filler and the commercial counterparts were then applied as a paper simulation (hand sheet). Analysis of hand sheet showed that the presence of the synthetic filler in the hand sheet can improve brightness, opacity and bulk values, but slightly reduced in tensile and tearing index compared to that of PCC & GCC.

This paper presents the development of a new polymer-ceramic composite material for use in injection molding machine. The material consists of palm oil fly ash (POFA) in a high density polyethylene (HDPE) powder. In this study, the effect of POFA was investigated as a filler material in polymer-ceramic matrix composite and HDPE was chosen as a matrix material. The detailed formulations of mixing ratio with various combinations of the new polymer-ceramic composite are investigated experimentally. Based on the result obtained, it was found that, the weight percentage increment of POFA filler affected the flexural and hardness strength. This work represents a major development in recycling of waste material from palm oil empty fruit bunch out of the refinery to produce polymer/ceramic matrix composite.

This review discussed the feasibility of using palm oil fly ash (POFA) as a cementitious material for partially replacing cement in producing concrete. Such an application is known to mitigate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Meanwhile, POFA is one of the general wastes generated from palm oil mills, and it is conventionally disposed of via landfills. Thus, using POFA to generate concrete could mitigate the depletion of raw material, i.e., limestone, used for cement.

Palm oil fly ash (POFA) as solid waste produced from crude palm oil industries consist of quite high of silica (more than 50% w/w). This study aimed to compare the properties and morphology of thermoset natural rubber (TNR) with POFA, silica, carbon black (CB), and mixture of POFA-CB fillers. The filler content used is 30 phr (per hundred rubbers). The process of making the compound was conducted by using a roll mill at room temperature and a maximum roll rotational speed of 20 rpm. Zinc oxide 5 phr, stearic acid 2 phr, mercaptodibenzothiazyldisulfide (MBTS) 0.6 phr, and Sulfur of 3 phr were used as curative agents. Trimethylquinone (TMQ) 1 phr was used as an antioxidant. Commercial minarex 2.5 phr was used as a plasticizer. Vulcanization process was carried out at a temperature of 150 °C and a pressure of 50 kg/cm2 using a hot press. Morphology was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measurement of tensile properties was carried out using universal testing machine (UTM) according to ASTM D412-06a standard. The results indicated that the use of POFA as a filler could potentially produce TNR with quite good morphology, tensile properties and water absorption properties. A mixture of POFA-CB with a mass ratio of 50/50 (w/w) produced the thermoset with the value of 18.5 MPa of tensile strength, 1600% of elongation at break, and 1.2 MPa of elastic modulus.

Jengka is the largest FELDA in Malaysia located in the state of Pahang Darul Makmur. Jengka consists of 25 FELDA plans which are palm and rubber producers. The production of Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) is rising every year, it is disposed of in landfills, now becoming an important environmental disposal issue. The government needs to focus on assigning more hectares of land for disposal of these huge amounts of waste, and financial losses are also increased for transporting as well as maintenance purposes of these wastes. The pollution problem is increased in this sector which includes the annual production of 2.6 million tonnes of solid waste in the form of POFA. The large quantity of this waste can create an environmental problem if disposed of in the wrong way. However, reduction of dumped waste and environmental sustainability can be ensured by proper consumption or recycling of these materials. Therefore, this research innovation used waste material of POFA in a concrete mixture to produce eco pavement block. The compliance testing for the concrete mix was investigated. The optimal mix design proportion in order to increase the compressive strength, density and durability of POFA concrete was established. Mix proportion containing 5 % POFA mixtures exhibited substantially higher rates of strength gain as compared with other mixtures containing 10 % and 15 % of POFA. The workability of POFA concrete increases, thus, the permeability and bleeding in concrete decrease. Implementation of POFA waste not only decreases environmental damage but also saves concrete materials.

Number of researchers reported that Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Fly Ash (FA) can be used as supplementary cementing material (SCM) in concrete. Both materials have their own significant effects on the properties of concrete and have been accepted by using them for the improvement of workability and strength of concrete. However, studies showed that FA has better pozzolanic properties than POFA. Hence, properties of mortars blended with POFA (untreated and treated) as binary blend (CUP and CTP) and ternary blend that combined with FA (CUPF and CTPF) as cement replacement were investigated. Unground POFA has been used in this study. CUPF and CTPF resulted in significant improvement in the pozzolanic activity compared to CUP and CTP of mortar mix. Pozzolanic activity of ternary blend mortar achieved the specified pozzolanic activity index of 75% based on ASTM C618. Compressive strength of the C80P15F5 concrete with 15% of treated POFA + 5% of FA by weight of binder showed a slightly higher result compared to the control mix. It is suggested that the combination of POFA and FA as pozzolanic material will improves the mechanical properties of mortars and concrete.

Currently, alkali-activated binders using industrial wastes are considered an environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which contributes to addressing the high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and enlarging embodied energy (EE). Concretes produced from industrial wastes have shown promising environmentally-friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. From this perspective, the compressive strength (CS), CO2 emissions, and EE of four industrial powder waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS), were investigated as replacements for OPC. Forty-two engineered alkali-activated mix (AAM) designs with different percentages of the above-mentioned waste materials were experimentally investigated to evaluate the effect of each binder mass percentage on 28-day CS. Additionally, the effects of each industrial powder waste material on SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 contents were investigated. The results confirm that adding FA to the samples caused a reduction of less than 26% in CS, whereas the replacement of GBFS by different levels of POFA significantly affected the compressive strength of specimens. The results also show that the AAM designs with a high volume FA provided the lowest EE and CO2 emission levels compared to other mix designs. Empirical equations were also proposed to estimate the CS, CO2 emissions, and EE of AAM designs according to their binder mass compositions.

Palm oil fuel ash and fly ash are industrial by products that are produced in coal-fired power station and palm oil industry. Due to the abundancy of coal- fired power plant and palm oil industry in Malaysia, the increasing amount of palm oil fuel ash and fly ash generated each year is not well utilised. This study aims to give reuse value to palm oil fuel ash and fly ash by investigating the appropriate mix proportion to produce artificial lightweight aggregate that is suitable for construction applications. The four acceptable mixes using on of fly ash to palm oil fuel ash with binder percentage are 4F6P15, 4F6P20, 4F6P25 and 5F5P20 mix [such as Mix-1 with 40% Fly ash and 60% POFA with 15% binder, Mix-2 with 40%Fly ash and 60% POFA with 20% binder, Mix-3 with 40% Fly ash and 60% POFA with 25% binder, and Mix-4 with 50% Fly ash and 50% POFA with 20% binder are determined. These mixes are able to produce fresh pellets of crushing strength greater than 0.5MPa. The fresh pellets were sintered with microwave oven in the presence of silicon carbide susceptor and zirconium insulation for 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 20 minutes. The properties of sintered aggregate namely crushing strength (show strength values), particle density (show values) and water adsorption (show values) was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was conducted to study the microstructure of sintered aggregate (writing SEM findings). The sintered aggregate strength increases at 10 minutes sintering, decreases at 15 minutes and increases back sharply at 20 minutes sintering. The increase in particle density result in decrease in water absorption. Pls write significance of this finding

Thermal and mechanical performance of oil palm fiber reinforced mortar utilizing palm oil fly ash as a complementary binder

Alkali-activated products composed of industrial waste materials have shown promising environmentally friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. This study explores the mechanical properties and structural morphology of ternary blended alkali-activated mortars composed of industrial waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS). The effect on the mechanical properties of the Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO content of each binder is investigated in 42 engineered alkali-activated mixes (AAMs). The AAMs structural morphology is first explored with the aid of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. Furthermore, three different algorithms are used to predict the AAMs mechanical properties. Both an optimized artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a metaheuristic Krill Herd algorithm (KHA-ANN) and an ANN-combined genetic algorithm (GA-ANN) are developed and compared with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The structural morphology tests confirm that the high GBFS volume in AAMs results in a high volume of hydration products and significantly improves the final mechanical properties. However, increasing POFA and WCP percentage in AAMs manifests in the rise of unreacted silicate and reduces C-S-H products that negatively affect the observed mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the mechanical features in AAMs with high-volume FA are significantly dependent on the GBFS percentage in the binder mass. It is also shown that the proposed KHA-ANN model offers satisfactory results of mechanical property predictions for AAMs, with higher accuracy than the GA-ANN or MLR methods. The final weight and bias values given by the model suggest that the KHA-ANN method can be efficiently used to design AAMs with targeted mechanical features and desired amounts of waste consumption.

Mineral admixtures utilization in different areas: A review