Adsorption of Bisphenol A from Water Using Chitosan-Based Gels.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental pollutant to which humans are universally exposed, evident as low BPA concentrations present in biological samples in the majority of individuals in developed countries. Although BPA is widely detected in blood, the main source of human exposure is through ingestion, as BPA is broadly used in the plastic industry and therefore present in food containers. In this work, Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) and Human Colon Adenocarcinona (HT29) cell lines were utilized to evaluate the effects of low BPA concentrations on nucleolar organization and function. Our results show that BPA levels commonly found in humans can affect several nucleolar features, including fibrillarin distribution and mean nucleoli number, nucleolin gene expression and nucleoli epigenetic marks.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is authorised for use as a chemical compound for the production of plastic food contact materials (FCMs) under Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. But according to requirements of the Regulation (EU) No 2018/213, BPA has been banned in the manufacture of polycarbonate drinking cups or feeding bottles intended for infants and young children. Food has been identified as the main source of human exposure to BPA, followed by dermal absorption, air and dust inhalation, revealing ubiquitous and continuous contact with BPA. Considering that BPA is able to enter the food chain through the migration from food packaging into foodstuffs, assessment of dietary exposure is necessary for accurate estimations and identification of potential exposure from food sources. In 2015, EFSA set a temporary tolerable daily intake (TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day and concluded that no health concern from BPA exposure for any age group was to be expected. In 2023, EFSA has re‐evaluated BPA safety and the new TDI was reduced by a factor of 20,000 resulting in a TDI of 0.2 ng/kg bw per day. In this case, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary exposure to BPA. Amongst others, the BfR identified several points of criticism which, in the opinion of the BfR, call into question the risk assessment carried out by EFSA. The BfR derived a TDI of 200 ng/kg bw per day and suggests taking this into account for risk assessment. In the proposed EU‐FORA programme, the fellow had the opportunity to gain experience in the exposure assessment and then integrate the data together with the BfR hazard assessment to perform a comprehensive risk assessment. As second objective of the work programme, the fellow was in charge of performing a toxicokinetic analysis in an attempt to correlate external exposure with urinary BPA levels.

Recent epidemiological studies indicate bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic chemical used in production of epoxy, polycarbonate, and plastic may increase risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Exposure to BPA during pregnancy may contribute to development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a precursor to type 2 diabetes in women. This pilot study examined the association between BPA exposure, fasting blood glucose levels (FBG), and GDM diagnosis during pregnancy. Banked urine samples from 22 cases of GDM and 72 controls were analyzed for total (free BPA + conjugates) urinary BPA concentrations (μg/L). FBG levels (mg/dl) were obtained from 1-h 50-g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) that women underwent for routine GDM screening (mean gestational age = 26.6 weeks, SD = 3.8). Those with an initial screening value ≥135 mg/dl underwent 3-h 100 g oral GTT. GDM diagnoses were made when the initial screening value was ≥200 mg/dl or when values at ≥2 time points exceeded 3-h oral GTT thresholds. Among controls, median FBG levels (mg/dL) did not differ across exposure tertiles, defined according to the distribution of total specific-gravity-adjusted urinary BPA concentrations. Logistic regression models controlling for race/ethnicity did not provide evidence of association between BPA exposure and case status across increasing tertiles of BPA exposure (number of GDM cases/controls in tertile1: 13/24; in tertile 2: 6/24; in tertile 3: 3/24). Findings do not support a relationship between total urinary BPA concentrations and altered glucose metabolism during pregnancy. However, due to study limitations, findings need to be interpreted with caution.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenobiotic with endocrine disruptor properties which interacts with various receptors, eliciting a cellular response. In the plastic industry, BPA is widely used in the production of polycarbonate and epoxy-phenolic resins to provide elastic properties. It can be found in the lining of canned foods, certain plastic containers, thermal printing papers, composite dental fillings, and medical devices, among other things. Therefore, it is a compound that, directly or indirectly, is in daily contact with the human organism. BPA is postulated to be a factor responsible for the global epidemic of obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases, belonging to the obesogenic and diabetogenic group of compounds. Hence, this endocrine disruptor may be responsible for the development of metabolic disorders, promoting in fat cells an increase in proinflammatory pathways and upregulating the expression and release of certain cytokines, such as IL6, IL1β, and TNFα. These, in turn, at a systemic and local level, are associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, which allows the perpetuation of the typical physiological complications of obesity.

The determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and/or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in foods sold in Japanese markets and in water leached from six epoxy resin cans with similar diameters was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (LC/ECD), LC-mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS) and LC-tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS/MS). BPA concentrations were 0–842 ng g−1 for 48 canned foods, 0–14 ng g−1 for 23 foods in plastic containers, and 0–1 ng g−1 for 16 foods in paper containers. No BADGE was detected in three canned foods. There was no difference in leaching concentrations of BPA into glycine buffers at pHs 8 and 11, and water. The amounts of BPA leached into water from six epoxy resin cans held at 121°C for 20 min were almost the same as the cans’ contents and were much higher than the amounts leached from cans held at or below 80°C for 60 min. The amount leached depended on the type of can, but not on the amount of BADGE leached from the cans. Considerably more BPA than BADGE leached to water from six cans. Two cans whose contents had high concentrations of BPA showed no BADGE leaching even at 121°C, suggesting the different kinds of epoxy resin can linings from others. The results imply that the main source of human exposure to BPA is food from cans with linings that contain high percentages of BPA as an additive or an unforeseen contaminant.

Valorization of sawdust by mineral acid assisted hydrothermal carbonization for the adsorptive removal of bisphenol A: A greener approach

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extensively produced and consumed chemical in the world. Due to its widespread use, contamination by this pollutant has increased in recent years, reaching a critical environmental point. This work investigates the feasibility of bisphenol A adsorption from industrial wastewater solutions, testing the reduction of bisphenol A in synthetic solutions by a commercial activated carbon, AC-40, in batch mode. Besides, mixtures of bisphenol A and different heavy metal cations were also studied. So far, no works have reported a complete study about bisphenol A removal by this activated carbon including the use of this material to remove BPA in the presence of metal cations. First, adsorption experiments were performed in batch changing pH, dose of adsorbent, initial bisphenol A concentration and contact time. Results showed greater retention of bisphenol A by increasing the acidity of the medium. Further, the percentage of bisphenol A adsorbed increased with increasing contact time. The selected conditions for the rest of the experiments were pH 5 and a contact time of 48 h. In addition, an increase in retention of bisphenol A when the dose of adsorbent increased was observed. Then, specific experiments were carried out to define the kinetics and the adsorption isotherm. Equilibrium data were adequately fitted to a Langmuir isotherm and the kinetics data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity provided by Langmuir model was 94.34 mg/g. Finally, the effect of the presence of other heavy metals in water solution on the adsorption of bisphenol A was analyzed. Binary tests revealed competition between the adsorbates and a significant selectivity toward bisphenol A. Finally, the study of the adsorption performance in three consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles showed efficiencies higher than 90% in all cycles, indicating that the activated carbon has good reusability.

Bisphenol A (BPA), an organic compound largely used in the plastic industry as a monomer for production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate, is an emerging contaminant that is released in the environmentfrom bottles and packaging. BPA degradation (118 micromol L(-1)) under sonochemical conditions was investigated in this study, using a 300 kHz frequency, with a 80 W electrical power. Under these conditions, BPA was eliminated by the ultrasound process (-90 min). However, even after long ultrasound irradiation periods (10 h), more than 50% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 80% of total organic carbon (TOC) remained in the solution, indicating that most BPA intermediates are recalcitrant toward ultrasonic action. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide from *OH and *OOH radical recombination was also observed. To increase the efficiency of BPA treatment, experiments combined ultrasound with Fe2+ (100 micromol L(-1)) and/or UV radiation (254 nm): Ultrasound/UV; Ultrasound/Fe2+; Ultrasound/UV/ Fe2+. Both UV and Fe2+ induced hydrogen peroxide dissociation, leading to additional *OH radicals and complete COD and TOC removal. Thus difficulties in obtaining mineralization of micropollutants like BPA through ultrasonic action alone, can be overcome by the Ultrasound/UV/ Fe2+ combination. Moreover, this technique was found to be the most cost-effective one. So, the integrated ultrasound-UV-iron(ll) process was shown to be of interest for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with BPA.

The wide application of endocrine disruptors (EDs) has recently created great public concerns because of their toxicities. Previous studies have stated that the effect of oxygen-containing functional groups of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for Bisphenol A (BPA) sorption, but no study has been quantified the exact contribution of the oxygen-containing functional groups. Moreover, the role of solvents on the adsorption of BPA should be considered. Considering the well properties of CNTs, graphitized (MG), carboxylated (MC) and hydroxylated (MH) multi-walled CNTs were selected as model adsorbents, BPA was used as model adsorbate. Solubility and single point adsorption coefficient (logK d) of BPA were n-hexadecane > water > methanol, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction was the main mechanism for BPA sorption on CNTs. For different functional groups of CNTs, π-π interaction between MH and BPA may be stronger than that of MC, and thus the sorption of BPA on MH was higher than that of MC. Moreover, hydrogen bond resulted in the higher adsorption of BPA on MH when compared with MC. The oxygen-containing functional groups of CNTs played a key role for BPA sorption in methanol because the values of contribution were 20%–45% for -OH and were 5%–25% for -COOH. In n-hexadecane, other factors such as hydrophobic interactions should be considered because the contribution percentages of -OH were ca.15% and the values for -COOH were ca.10%. The results are expected to provide important information on the interaction of EDs and CNTs.

A remarkable adsorbent for removal of bisphenol S from water: Aminated metal-organic framework, MIL-101-NH2

Study question Does bisphenol A (BPA), xenoestrogen present in plastics, affect Ca2+ homeostasis in mouse oocytes? If yes, what is the mechanism of BPA action? Summary answer BPA (2 ng/ml, concentration reported for human follicular fluid) alternates the Ca2+ pattern generated in fertilized oocytes acting through GPR30 receptor and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. What is known already BPA is a monomeric organic compound widely used in the production of resins, polycarbonates, and plastics. It is a xenoestrogen, i.e. a synthetic compound exerting an estrogen-like effect on cells. It can therefore disrupt the functioning of animal (including human) organisms. Recent literature data indicate that BPA may affect fertility in mammals by disturbing several processes in oocytes and embryos, including epigenetic modifications, energy metabolism, and spindle assembly. However, its effect on Ca2+ homeostasis in oocytes, key for activation of embryonic development upon fertilization, has not been yet examined. Study design, size, duration The study was carried out on mouse (a C57Bl6/Tar x CBA/Tar cross) oocytes. Each experimental variant was repeated at least 3 times, the number of oocytes analyzed was 40-75 per group, depending on the experimental variant. Participants/materials, setting, methods BPA was added to M16 medium, in which mouse oocytes matured in vitro. Oocytes that reached metaphase II were labeled with Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 AM, a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, fertilized in vitro, and subjected to time-lapse imaging. The fluorescence intensity was analyzed to assess the pattern of Ca2+ oscillations triggered in oocytes upon fertilization. In some experiments, specific inhibitors were used to analyze the molecular pathway mediating the BPA action in oocytes. Main results and the role of chance 2ng/ml BPA added to oocytes during their in vitro maturation decreased the maturation rate (from 77% in control to 52%). BPA shortened the total duration of Ca2+ oscillations induced in metaphase II oocytes by fertilization (183 ± 80.4 min in control vs. 118.2 ± 84.2 min in BPA group) and the mean interval between the subsequent Ca2+ transients (14.3 ± 4.9 min vs. 9.7 ± 4.5 min). As GPR30, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, can bind BPA and is expressed in oocytes, we investigated whether it mediates BPA action. G1, a GPR30 activator, added to the oocyte maturation medium instead of BPA, mimicked the BPA effect only partially: it shortened the total duration of Ca2+ oscillations (175.6 ± 71.5 in control vs. 134.5 ± 90.8 min in G1 group), but increased the inter-transient interval (11.6 ± 5.2 min vs. 15.2 ± 4.7 min). On the other hand, G15, a GPR30 inhibitor, alleviated the BPA-induced alternations (total duration of Ca2+ oscillations: 192.7 ± 77.5 min, the interval between Ca2+ transients: 11.4 ± 4.6 min). Moreover, PD0325901, a MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitor, rescued BPA-induced changes in the duration and frequency of Ca2+ oscillations (195.9 ± 95 min and 18.2 ± 4.8 min, respectively). Limitations, reasons for caution The susceptibility of oocytes to BPA, and, in consequence, its effect on Ca2+ homeostasis, may be different for various mammalian species. Wider implications of the findings BPA disturbs the pattern of Ca2+ oscillations in fertilized mouse oocytes through GRP30 and MAP/ERK pathway, but it is possible that BPA acts also through other estrogen receptors. Ca2+ oscillations are crucial for activation of embryonic development, so our observations provide a novel mechanism of BPA action on mammalian fertility. Trial registration number n/a

Bisphenol-A (BPA) or 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane is a compound widely used in the production of polycarbonate and other plastic industries. In this study, 45 fishes (Cirrhinus mrigala) weighing 90  5 g were used and divided into 3 groups of fifteen each. 1 st Group received fish diet only and served as control, 2 nd group were exposed with Bisphenol-A (2mg/l) and 3 rd group were exposed with vitamin-C (50 mg/l) along with Bisphenol-A (2mg/l), respectively for 15, 30 and 60 days and the protein contents were estimated in brain and testis. The significantly increased in protein levels were noticed in brain and testis after 15, 30 and 60 days of Bisphenol-A exposed as compared to control group. While, the animals supplemented with vitamin-C along with Bisphenol-A were showed insignificantly decreased in protein level in brain and testis after 15 and 30 days as compared to Bisphenol-A group. However, this levels were significantly lowered in brain and testis after 60 days as compared to Bisphenol-A. These results indicate that vitamin-C work as an antidote against Bisphenol-A toxicity in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala.

With the development of human society, technology and medicine have been widely discovered. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a kind of substance widely used in industrial production, mainly used in the production of polycarbonate, epoxy resin and other polymer materials. Many analogues of BPA like BPS, BPF and BPAF have been used as substitutes for BPA. However, BPA and its analogues exposure in daily life has been found to be harmful to people's health. In this paper, the toxicity of BPA and its analogues in the environment exposed with different concentrations, exposure time, ages, genders has been discussed. In addition, the effects of BPA and its analogues on biological endocrine system, immune system, reproductive system and nervous system have been introduced by studying the endocrine organs of animal models. Results reveal that DNA can be severely damaged at certain BPA concentration, and that BPA may act directly on the ovary due to its similar structure to secreted estrogen Besides, BPA exerts a bi-directional regulatory effect on the mouse immune system, and when exposed to BPA for a long time, activity of immune system can be suppressed. Researches on BPA and its analogues’ effects on organs and systems can give some suggestion on the use as materials for the production.

Bisphenol A and alternatives in thermal paper receipts - a German market analysis from 2015 to 2017

The use of bisphenol-A (BPA) in global industry has been increasing in recent years, with emerging markets driving this growing demand. BPA applications in the food and beverage industry account for only 3% to 4% of global polycarbonate consumption, but its use is being re-examined as several scientific papers have come to light indicating a direct link between BPA and adverse health effects. Contamination of food and beverages occurs by migration of BPA from the containers that contain it (canned foods, wines, etc.), and is the main source of human exposure. To evaluate such exposure, an analytical method by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed and validated for the quantification of total BPA in urine of pregnant women attended at the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires in 2013, with a limit of quantification of 2.0 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.8 ng/mL. Of the 149 urine samples analyzed, 66.4% were quantifiable, with the median total BPA of 4.8 ng/mL (4.3 ng/mg creatinine) and the geometric mean of 4.8 ng/mL (4.7 ng/mg creatinine).