Abstract
Pristine montmorillonite (Mont) was used as raw materials to prepare hydroxyl-Fe-pillared Mont, hydroxyl-Al-pillared Mont, and hydroxyl-Fe-Al-pillared Mont composites. By varying the OH/Fe and Fe/Al molar ratios during the preparation of the pillared Mont, the adsorption capacity of zearalenone (ZEA) and the kinetics were elucidated. The characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy reveals the adsorption mechanism of pristine and modified Mont. The results indicated that the ZEA adsorption capacity is Mont (0.05 mg/g) << 1.5OH/Fe-Mont (0.28 mg/g) << OH/Al-Mont (0.51 mg/g) < 0.5Fe/Al-Mont (0.56 mg/g) in the condition of pH = 8 and 37°C, in which both 0.5Fe/Al-Mont and OH/Al-Mont reached maximum adsorption capacity and 1.5OH/Fe-Mont attained 5 times the capacity of Mont. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed that Freundlich adsorption isotherms best represented the experimental data. The kinetic data for ZEA adsorption revealed that the Mont adsorption capacity for ZEA equilibrates in 1 hour and is best described using the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The XRD analysis indicated that the amplification of Fe-dominant pillared Mont interlayer spacing is the main reason for the observed increases in the adsorption capacity of ZEA, while Al-dominant pillared Mont has a relatively stable Keggin structure; therefore, interlayer spacing is not the primary mechanism for changes in the adsorption capacity of both OH/Al-Mont and Al-dominant pillared Mont. An FT-IR analysis demonstrated that cationic exchange was the dominant mechanism that allowed ZEA and hydroxyl-Al ions to enter the Mont interlayers, while this cationic exchange mechanism was not the dominant mechanism used by hydroxyl-Fe entering the Mont layers.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are toxic and harmful metabolites produced by fungus or mould in suitable conditions and mainly consist of aflatoxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin, and fumagillin [1,2,3,4,5,6]
E present study focused on the use of Mont, hydroxylFe-modified Mont (OH/Fe-Mont), hydroxyl-Al-modified Mont (OH/Al-Mont), and hydroxyl-Fe-Al compoundmodified Mont (Fe/Al-Mont) in the in vitro adsorption of ZEA, and the capacity of and applicable model for adsorption to both Mont and inorganically modified Mont were investigated. e effects of pH, time, temperature, and ZEA initial concentration on the adsorption of ZEA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and other methods
K10-Mont adsorbs ZEA, the larger pores are more blocked, the mesopores are less, and the surface fine particles are increased. e pores of 1.5 OH/Fe-Mont samples are filled with a certain amount of flocs, the pore size becomes smaller, and the flocs on the clay surface decrease after adsorption, and the macropore density decreases. e smaller floc particles on the surface are reduced, thereby making the surface of montmorillonite smoother
Summary
Mycotoxins are toxic and harmful metabolites produced by fungus or mould in suitable conditions and mainly consist of aflatoxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin, and fumagillin [1,2,3,4,5,6]. According to a report released by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, approximately 25% of crops globally are contaminated by mycotoxins, resulting in major economic losses [4]. Zearalenone (ZEA) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in contaminated grain and is produced as a secondary metabolite by a variety of fungi within the Fusarium genus [9, 10]. Most research has focused on Journal of Nanotechnology the removal of ZEA through the use of organic cationmodified Mont, despite its environmental risks of organic cations. There has been no report on the adsorption characteristics and mechanism of ZEA removal using inorganic hydroxyl-Fe-Al-composite-pillared Mont [11, 18, 19]. E present study focused on the use of Mont, hydroxylFe-modified Mont (OH/Fe-Mont), hydroxyl-Al-modified Mont (OH/Al-Mont), and hydroxyl-Fe-Al compoundmodified Mont (Fe/Al-Mont) in the in vitro adsorption of ZEA, and the capacity of and applicable model for adsorption to both Mont and inorganically modified Mont were investigated. e effects of pH, time, temperature, and ZEA initial concentration on the adsorption of ZEA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and other methods
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