Adriatic Explorations

Constantly changing environmental conditions lead to the necessity of regular updates, enhancements, and adaptation of existing approaches to the investigation of the development of societies that live in different territories. As a result, the purpose of the paper is to identify the main social factors of effective system formation of the social vital activity at the present stage of development of the territories, which have unstable socio-economic and political environment. Specific trends, reflecting the state of social and economic processes in the countries of the evolving political and legal system are considered (on the example of Donetsk region). Parameters defining the socio-cultural component of society of formation are determined: level of development of education, medicine, social infrastructure facilities, the environmental aspects, the social hierarchy and relationships in the community, the criminal and military risks, the demographic trends, the level of unemployment and informal employment. The authors carried out an expert assessment of the importance of factors of formation of system of the vital activity of society. A set of recommendations for coordinated impact on the economic and social processes in the conditions of transforming market system was proposed as a result of the research.

Donald Campbell: I would have liked to have presented here, for your critical comments, a welldeveloped social theory of how science works when science is successfully improving scientific beliefs. I will refer to such a theory as an epistemologicallyrelevant sociology of science, even though no such theory is available. The people who are most assiduously studying the sociology of science are reluctant to add this policy-relevant domain to their task, primarily because they, along with most historians of science, refuse to concede that science does, in fact, progress. While that agnosticism flies in the face of both my intuition and my experience, I do join contemporary sociologists and historians in seeing belief change as a thoroughly social process, guided but never compelled by logic or scientific facts established with certainty. For understanding current thinking about scientific progress in the sociology and history of science, Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions' remains essential. I accept Kuhn's emphasis on both the social process of discretionary judgment (as opposed to empirical or logical proof) in scientific theory choice, and also on the theory-ladenness of scientific facts. I also share his emphasis upon the social and political processes within science, while not denying the influence of the larger society. The social processes he describes are primarily ones of conformity, producing conservatism and resistance to innovation, in sharp contrast with the ideology of science which emphasizes individuality and nonconformity. These social processes need to be supplemented with an analysis of the social and psychological motivations for radical innovation such as Merton2 emphasizes which, while essential for progress, most frequently produce pseudo-innovations. Kuhn seems, to many readers, to limit scientific progress to within periods of what he calls normal For him, revolutionary changes of paradigm are not interpretable as progress because such changes overthrow the framework by which judgments of progress could be made. I disagree with this. His emphasis on the Gestalt-switch conversion that some scientists experience in adopting a radically new theory may be correct; but his overall thesis of radical discontinuity in scientific revolutions grossly understresses the continued trust on the part of scientific communities in 99% of the accumulated prerevolutionary facts, even though some such recognition can be found in his emphasis on anomalies as provoking scientific revolutions. Current scholarship in the sociology of science, it seems to me, pays too little attention to the importance of facts and to the role of experiment, demonstration, and observation (fallible though these be) in the social process of belief change in science. Why do we need an epistemologically-relevant sociology of science? As a social scientist who has spent a good deal of his career pondering the problem of why the social sciences have been considerably less successful in progressing (judged according to their own internal, largely intuitive criteria) than the physical and biological sciences have been, I believe we need such a fully-developed theory if we are to understand what steps the social sciences have to take in order to become more successful. We social scientists have been heavily preoccupied with the philosophy of science

die pages, the reader will have no great difficulty in finding once again all die familiar features: die laborious argument to explain away unpalatable facts; the appeal to authority ; the astonishing personal claim; die attempt to discredit die work of those who do not share the audior's view. Such features never lose dieir charm and undoubtedly make the book more attractive to read, but they do not, in my opinion, add anything ofsubstance to die audior's case. Bernard Katz University College, London The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. By C. P. Snow. Rede Lecture, 1959. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1959. Pp. 58. $1.75. The "two cultures" are the culture ofdie men ofscience and the culture ofpractically all die rest ofWestern society, primarily the artistic and literary culture ofthe so-called "intellectuals." Sir Charles Snow is uniquely qualified to write such a book, being at die same time a novelist ofdistinction, with afelicity ofstyle which makes the book a delight to read, and a scientist who did his own bit of scientific research at Cambridge during "one ofdie most wonderful creative periods in all physics," and who later was in charge ofdie scientific recruitment ofBritain during the second World War. His thesis is diat there is a gulfofalmost total incomprehension between the two cultures , that this gulfis becoming wider, and diat the feeling ofthe intellectuals toward die scientists is by way ofbecoming actively anti-scientific. The reasons for this are analyzed; in diis analysis the scientist appears in a somewhat more favorable light than the intellectual . But Sir Charles is chiefly concerned widi die consequences, which can be viewed only with the most serious misgivings. The consequences are especially serious because society is now passing through a period ofthe most revolutionary change since die invention of agriculture. The change is the change resulting from the industrial revolution. Two periods in the industrial revolution are to be recognized: die early period, in which matters pretty much took dieir own course, and die present period ofenormously accelerated progress because ofthe deliberate exploitation ofthe results ofscientific research. A society is obviously unfitted to cope widi a change ofthis magnitude when the vast majority ofits cleverest people have no idea ofwhat science is about, do not see what is happening, and do not much care. Sir Charles sees no remedy for this situation except a reform ofeducation. He makes a number ofspecific suggestions, without much apparent optimism that the suggestionswill be adopted. He regardsdie situation as particularly serious in England but is free to point out serious weaknessesinbodi the United States and Russia. He regards Russia as, on die whole, facing the situation most realistically. The present industrial revolution will ultimately result in the abolition ofthe distinction between die rich and the poor nations; he foresees the abolition ofthe distinction by the end of the century. He regards the period during which die have-not nations are pulling up their living standards as a particularly critical period for die West. He en565 visages that the West—in practice diis means the United States almost exclusively—must so modify itseconomythat it canpour the requisite financialresources into die submerged nations, and must so modify its educational system as to produce the abnormal number ofengineers necessary to give the technical assistance which will be temporarily required to assist the backward countries. The reason? He says, "I do know this: diat ifwe don't do it, die Communist countries will in time." By implication this would be the supreme calamity. It seems to me that here is the weakest part ofSir Charles's argument. Whyis it such a calamity ifthe Communist countries do do it first? Is not our fear based on the premise that economic aid is inseparable from political domination, and that eventual world domination will continue to be the ultimate Communist objective? But the Communist world also contains intelligent people, and the scientific industrial revolution will make changes there as well as here. It is already becoming evident to the more intelligent ofthem that their society is notdeveloping along the lines postulated by Marx. The Communist society as well as ours has the seeds ofchange in it. Ifwe are really convinced...

Computing education researchers have become increasingly interested in leveraging log data automatically collected within computer programming environments in order to understand students' learning processes and tailor instruction to student needs. While data on students' programming activities has been positively correlated with their learning outcomes, those data tell only part of the story. Another part of the story lies in students' social activities, which, according to social learning theory, can also be predictive of students' learning outcomes. In order to gain further insight into how computing students' learning processes influence their learning outcomes, we present an empirical study that explores the interplay of students' social activities, programming activities, and course outcomes in an early computing course. By analyzing log data collected through a programming environment augmented with a social networking-style activity stream, we found that answers to questions posed through the activity stream were positively correlated with students' ability to make programming progress, and their eventual success in the course. Based on our findings, we present recommendations for the design of pedagogical environments to support a more social programming process.

Aim. To describe the distinctive features of the ancient scientific and technological revolution, which remained throughout its unfolding, and to reveal the reasons for the formation of the unique scientific and technological revolution in Ancient Greece.Methodology. The methods of discursive analysis, logical-semantic analysis, content analysis, philosophical comparative studies, and factual proof are used.Results. The factual proofs of the deployment of the unique scientific and technological revolution in the ancient society are presented. Brief characteristics of the distinctive features of the scientific and technological revolution in Ancient Greece are given. The reasons of the formation of the unique scientific and technological revolution in ancient Greece are revealed.Research implications. The results of the study allow us to substantiate the reasons for the boom of science and technology. The author indicates the need to reconsider the main economic and political processes of European, Russian and world history.

At present, higher education is undergoing major changes related to the implementation of the Bologna process ideas, education informatization, integrative processes in society, increasing competition, and globalization. In this regard, the problem of student involvement formation acquires exceptional importance in the university educational activity. The focus on student involvement formation in higher education's social and cultural activity process is conditioned by the necessity to improve professional personality development and raise social competencies. We consider the social activity as a person's integral quality which is realized in various types of self-activity, in the process of which the personality self-realization occurs, conditioned by objective and subjective factors. Also, the structure of motives for young people's social activity is considered. Students' involvement is seen as a person's property, which externalizes in activity and shows the person’s attitude to its various spheres. Particular importance is paid to the research of the students’ extracurricular organization. It is shown that the students free time is needed to organize in the process of educational activity to create conditions for self-realization and self-actualization of the student's personality. The submissions of the article can be useful for Faculty and Administration of higher education institutions.

Mahatma Gandhi and Rudolf Steiner are doubtless two of the most important individuals in the twentieth century. One originated from India—although situated in the west of Asia, you might call it the heart of Asia—the other one from the German-speaking Europe, or we may say: from the heart of Europe. Both joined their spiritual striving with social research and social action and can be called shining examples for future humanity. Are they not both forerunners for modern cosmopolitanism? The chapter discusses their discourses and practices of spirituality and social action and their significance for rethinking cosmopolitanism.

This article presents empirical evidence for the creativity of social processes, as contrasted to both deterministic and random models of biological and economic phenomena. New methods for the analysis of empirical data indicate that population changes, financial data and other socioeconomic time series display non-periodic, apparently irregular patterns that evolve in time (temporal complexity), increase in diversity (diversification), and repeat less frequently than randomized copies of the data (novelty). Recurrence and autocorrelation measures indicate that these patterns are generated causally, not randomly. These measurements demonstrating causality and creativity in economic, social, and population processes indicate a non-stationary chaotic pattern (Bios) and suggest an alternative to current models that postulate either causal determinism or random change. Causal and creative chaotic patterns (Bios) are also observed in fundamental natural and human processes (quantum processes, cosmological expansion in the distribution of galaxies and quasars, animal populations, and heart and respiratory rates). Mathematical models show that Bios patterns are generated by equations that combine recurring change (recursion), bipolar opposition (e.g. sine functions) and conservation. Consumption and production (demand and supply) are obvious factors accounting for the generation of Bios in economic processes. Generations, sex, nations, races and classes are fundamental oppositions in social processes that may explain the generation of Bios. The extreme sensitivity of Bios to initial conditions' (external inputs) indicates the possibility of modifying the course of social processes, and the need to develop flexible methods rather than planning economic development. To develop such methods, and based on the empirical results here reported, this article articulates a new theory of social organization and change that advances three principles: (1) action (flow of energy in unidirectional time) as the one and only component of both processes and ideas; (2) opposition, both synergic and conflictual, as present in, and organizing, all physical, biological and mental processes; and (3) priority to nature and supremacy to persons as an unavoidable reality and a desirable pattern of action.

The article deals with the social activity of Ukrainian intelligentsia under modern transformation conditions. The modern Ukrainian society on the one hand characterized with informative saturation, the priority of material goods and on the other – with political, economic instability. Using scientific, technical and innovative facilities has led to significant changes in the occupational structure in particular. Priority is given to the creative professions: intellectual elite and representatives of intellectual professions serving all spheres of society. As a result, there is a problem of identity of intelligentsia, which in the scientific community is increasingly compared with the representatives of intellectual professions. However, the main social function of intelligentsia is the reconciliation of material and spiritual worlds with assimilative influence of the subjective. Intelligentsia is a social phenomenon, social stratum of society that combines all the elements of the national idea of social structure and which may include its representatives. The absence or invisibility of the results of social activity of intelligentsia doesn’t give grounds to confirm its passivity, alienation, opposition regarding the social, political, economic and cultural processes in the country. In the article researched that the rational reaction of intelligentsia to external and internal agents required temporal distance. The phenomenon of intelligentsia efficiently manages its internal subjective world. To occurred subjective and objective responses to important transformation process of being it is necessary temporal distance that will react efficiently, plan option for further comprehensive development of the surrounding reality and plan the social activities. In this context we may confirm about the phenomenon of social apathy researched as reaction of some elements of the social structure, society in general to external and internal factors of influence to the livelihoods and functioning of society. Apathy as a social phenomenon is often an accumulation of forces, form of hidden disagreements, self-preservation, passivity that occurs because of impossibility to overcome the circumstances or it requires some time. Rational thinking and therefore the response to the transformation processes of Ukrainian nowadays characterized by inertia, the ability to withstand internal changes influenced by external conditions, guided only by reason. It was established that social apathy is a form of social activity, expressed by inert way. So, no threat of ethnic life deprives it of incentives for development, ethnic group enters into the permanent state of social apathy. In return, the presence of external or internal threat updates ethnic social activity as response to possible adverse changes. Thus, in the article analyzed the actualization of social activity of Ukrainian citizens under conditions of modern economic and political changes. The transformation processes of recent years in Ukraine have led to increased of national awareness of citizens, manifested in volunteering as the form of social activity.

Current Status of Theranostics in West Asia: A Country-based Surveillance Study.

The primary purpose of education is to raise physically and mentally healthy individuals who contribute to society effectively. Another of educations primary functions is to establish an environment for students not only to continually develop as a complete individual physically psychologically and sociologically but also to become happy and productive individuals who actively participate in social activities (Ye^ilyaprak, 2013).Since humans are social creatures, it is considered a prerequisite that people participating in social life do so through communicating, helping, exhibiting mutual understanding, and being acceptance toward one another.. Just as it is expected that individuals not remain insensitive to social problems, so are they expected to be able to propose solution to social problems. Such behavior is regarded as a path leading to the socialization of individuals who display an entrepreneur personality by expressing their opinions in matters concerning other individuals and themselves (George Washington Academy, 2014). In order for students to gain the above-mentioned qualities, some implementations have been suggested so as to raise students as effective individuals who actively participe in the 'Regulation on Social Activities' published in the official gazette dated January 13, 2005 by the Ministry of National Education in Turkey. These activities, which include different implementations and which aimed at raising students as social individuals, has been carried out by means of student clubs that meet once every two weeks in elementary and secondary schools. In this process, it is envisaged that student membership in any social club, regardless of grade level, be decided democratically in line with students' wishes. Social clubs are defined as planned, programmed, and systematic studies performed in or out of school, in accordance with education purposes, in line with students' interests and wishes, and to improve their personalities by benefitting from both school administration and club advisor's knowledge.Students participating in social club studies develop skills not only in working with various persons and groups, but also improve their collaboration skills, abilities to apply their knowledge to new situations, and conduct observations, examinations, and analyses (Social Skills Central, 2014). Furthermore, social club studies are regarded as a socialization tool since they not only help students to take an active role in various social groups when they are conducted with good advisor, but also help them to develop good relationships with others (Karsh, 2006). The concept of socialization is generally defined as one's ability to be in contact with other individuals by joining a social group. According to Tezcan (1994) however, socialization is expressed as one's 'preparation to society' during children's education process. In this respect, among the purposes of socialization are enabling children's expectations to remain in their mind, teaching them skills so that they may participate in adult activities and teaching them social roles and attitudes supporting (Setterns, 2002). On the other hand, Levine and Moreland (1994) indicated that individuals gain a group culture as a result of the socialization process and develop communication and interaction skills by communicating with one another in various matters. Moreover, the development of attitudes, skills, and values in students who participate in social club activities, such as viewing differences with acceptance and respect enabling active participation, and gaining rights, freedom, and responsibility awareness, enables schools to establish a democratic school culture and to bring up democratic citizens (Centerville Elementary School, 2014).Social clubs present a structure contributing not only to students' physical and mental development, but also one that supports students to develop their academic success as a part of school and teaching program. …

ABSTRACT
 
 The purpose of this study is to describe the social action forms of the main characters in the novel A Man Of The People according to Max Weber's Social Action Theory. This research is important because this novel can open a new understanding of social action theory in a political perspective through the two main characters that have different political goals based on their social actions as individuals. The theory that will be used in this research is Max Weber's social action, social action is a conceptual benchmark for examining differences and similarities, as well as causal relationships, between social processes (Damsar, 2010, p. 35) which is focused on the main characters. The approach used is a sociological approach that focuses on literary works. Because the phenomenon of social action that occurs in society is often poured into literary works (Damono, 2004, p. 12). The method of this research is literary criticism. The research data is in the form of excerpts from the contents presented through conversations and narrations as social reality and depictions of social actions carried out by the main characters in the novel. Data collection is done by viewing and recording methods to get results and then proceed with discussion. The results obtained from this study are the social action of the main characters in the novel A Man Of The People: Max Weber's sociological study, that the four types of social action can be found in the main characters in this novel and how they achieve their own purpose based on their social actions. In the Rational-Instrumental action, Mr. Nanga did this action 7 times, while Odili only used instrumental actions once. In Traditional action, it was found that there were 3 actions related to tradition or actions that were carried out from generation to generation. In the value rational action, it was found that there were 4 actions that were all carried out by Odili. And for the affective action, Odili took 6 actions. This proves that Odili's moral value is higher to achieve his goals than using more efficient instruments that are counter-humanist such as instrumental rationality like Mr. Nanga did. But Odili's goals were not fully fulfilled because his country was overthrown by the Military and his party was dismissed. 
 
 
 
 Keywords: Sociology of Literature, Sociology of Max Weber, Social Actions.

The article analyzes the dynamics of the structure of social activity of Russian youth on the basis of empirical sociological research data. Empirical data were collected as part of the first questionnaire survey in July–September 2022 and as part of the second one in December 2023 – April 2024. The article presents a part of the research results: selfassessment of respondents on important social indicators, consideration of the dynamics of the structure and characteristics of respondents’ social activity, their involvement in public life. In this questionnaire, the author highlights the peculiarities of youth involvement in volunteering by finding out the popularity of the areas of volunteering in which respondents are included. As a result of the analysis of the block of issues under consideration, it can be argued that the structure of social activity of Russian youth turned out to be stable. The level of social activity shows a uniform positive trend, while at the same time there is a slight decrease in political activity. Volunteering remains the most popular type of social activity, while it is likely that young people are “focusing” on specific types of activities, and involvement in sports is also growing. The most popular type of volunteering is event volunteering, assistance in organizing events. Self-improvement remains the main motive of youth’s social activity. The study of the dynamics of the structure of social activity using empirical methods makes it possible to analyze the reaction of this socio-demographic group to various external and internal social, economic and political processes. Such studies make it possible to analyze the effectiveness of public policy not only in the field of youth work and education, but also in many others, and to adjust measures, programs and activities taking into account the requests and needs of the younger generation.

The article presents the results of assessing the level of compliance of the existing architectonics of the regional systems of public administration of socioeconomic development of territories with the strategic architecture which means a qualitatively new state of mentioned systems as a response to environmental changes. The research hypothesis implies that in the conditions of increased change rate the sustainable development of any territory can be maintained due to the transformation of public administration system architectonics into strategic architecture. The success of this transformation is determined by how much the regional systems of public administration are oriented to the maintenance of the proper development of both economic and social processes. The purpose of the research is to develop the methods assessing the compliance of the existing architectonics of regional public administration systems with the strategic architecture. The research is based on the differentiated integral evaluation of the development level of social and economic processes, using the method of gap analysis. 85 subjects of the Russian Federation were evaluated within the framework of the justified system of criteria and indicators of strategic architecture effectiveness. The results of the research are presented by assessing the level of compliance of the existing architectonics of regional public administration systems with the strategic architecture for 2016. The limitations of application of the results obtained are associated with the necessity to alter the current legislature in the field of evaluation of effectiveness of executive bodies at the sub-federal level.

Urban vacant land is often framed as a consequence of political and economic problems that negatively affect land values, tax bases, public safety, and community flourishing. At the same time, vacancy presents governments—and private developers—with opportunities for transformation. This commentary examines a development plan that makes use of vacancy in Chicago, Illinois to shed light on the ways in which vacancy can become a project in itself rather than a side effect of growth, decay, and change. I argue that through processes of erasure, re-inscription, and assemblage, vacancy projects enable redevelopment in ways that further politicians' and developers' agendas for post-industrial urban economic growth. In Chicago, vacant industrial land, such as the former Clybourn Corridor Planned Manufacturing District, is simultaneously positioned as an insurmountable problem and an exceptional development opportunity. I use the Clybourn Corridor case to illuminate the social, political, and economic processes through which vacancy is made productive in urban contexts. The relative opacity of such processes has profound implications for urban futures, shaping who makes plans for and benefits from the transformation of urban space. By delving into a vacancy project ethnographically in Chicago, a city struggling, like many, to define a post-industrial future, this commentary contributes to our understandings of vacancy as a tool to draw resources in and make development happen. It demonstrates the political, economic, and social processes through which urban land is defined and reconfigured as a site for public and private intervention as well as opportunity in the contemporary moment.