Adopsi Teknologi Petani pada Sekolah Lapangan Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (SL-PTT)

ABSTRACTField School of Comprehensive Agriculture Land-Use Management (SL-PTT) is agricultural innovation system mainly directed to improve production of rice applying bottom-up and participative communication approach of the farmers. The study aims to get descriptions on how participative communication can be applied on the SL-PTT program and to analyze decision making process by the farmers to adopt and utilize the technology of rice innovation in their land -use. The study was planned using survey descriptive correlation. The study was done on March-April 2014 covered 80 farmers as respondents who involved in SL-PTT program. Data and hypothesis were analyzed and tested using multiple linear regression. The evidence showed that participative communication of the farmers toward SL-PTT program was considerable good although they are not in entire program steps. The steps of the PRA and field meeting, activation of farmers in dialogue session is grouped to low by 5% and 12,5%. While in the routine meeting and daily discussion, it is categorized as high, i.e 78,7% and 96,3% because the interaction of the extension worker and the farmers is considerable active. The respect of the extension worker was also supporting. Almost all (91,25%) of the farmers applied all innovations, such as: using high qualified seeds, planting system, using appropriate fertilizer and water irrigarion, controlling pests, harvest and past-harvest management. Factors which have significant effect on applying participative communication are: farmer’s characteristics, characteristics of the extension worker and forum of communication between the extension worker and the farmers.Keywords: Communication, Innovation, Partisipative, SL-PTT

Currently, we are already in the era of the digital industry. The concept of the digital industry provides opportunities for extension workers to conduct counseling digitally. The Agricultural Human Resources Development and Extension Agency (BPPSDMP), Ministry of Agriculture (Kementan), continues to encourage transformation in the agricultural sector, including the transformation of extension from conventional to digital. The Ministry of Agriculture in the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has implemented, among others, Smart Feed Agrinak, My Agri, LKP Program (Rice Consulting Service), ITani, Planting Calendar, Takesi and so on, including a web that provides information on extension materials from extension workers to other extension workers, namely Cyber Extension. On the other hand, internet users in Indonesia reached 345.3 million with the average ownership of cell phones in Indonesia is 2. Based on this data, digitization of counseling is a necessity. Then what are the knowledge, attitudes and skills of extension workers as well as the opportunities and challenges of implementing digital extension in Mataram City? This research was carried out in Mataram City by taking a sample of 6 Agricultural Extension Centers with a total of 30 extension respondents. The object of this research is the knowledge, attitudes and skills of extension workers as well as opportunities and challenges in implementing digital counseling. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data was collected using in-depth interview techniques. Informants are determined purposively. The data from the research results were analyzed in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of the study show that the opportunity to conduct counselinextension digitally in Mataram City is very open because all extension workers have and are able to access the internet well. All extension workers are already aware of the cyber extension organized by BPSDM, they also know that agricultural information and innovations are available and accessible on the internet. Extension workers feel that extension materials on cyber extension and the internet are generally good and can be useful for farmers. The challenge is that extension workers do not dare to deliver extension materials accessed from the internet to farmers before they are adapted to local conditions. On the other hand, extension workers do not have funds to adapt new innovations that are learned digitally, so counseling on new innovations to farmers is not carried out.

<p>As the science and technology have developed rapidly, as well as current globalization, farmer’s needs are increasingly diverse nowadays. Therefore, extension workers are required to develop their abilities according to current conditions and challenges. But in reality the competencies of extension workers was still low. The low competence of extension workers resulted in low performance as well. It was influenced by the lack of training that has been held for extension workers. Based on this point, it is necessary to improve the performance of extension workers, utilizing the internet media can be an answer which is very rapidly growing at this time. This study analyzed: 1) the level of internet media utilization, 2) factors influencing internet utilization, and 3) the effect of internet utilization on extension worker performance. Field research conducted in January-March 2017 in Cianjur Regency. The sample of research were 26 government extension workers and 74 contract-based extension workers. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Multiple Linear Regression) was used for analytical method. The results showed that the use of internet by extension workers was moderate, especially for the preparation of reports, the design of extension methods, preparation of “programma” and design extension method. The result of the analysis showed that factors influencing internet usage were age, formal education, internet perception, duration, and diversity of accessed internet media. Performance of extension-workers to increase internet utilization effectively is needed for increase information and insight to be applied to farmers.<br /> As the science and technology have developed rapidly, as well as current globalization, farmer’s needs are increasingly diverse nowadays. Therefore, extension workers are required to develop their abilities according to current conditions and challenges. But in reality the competencies of extension workers was still low. The low competence of extension workers resulted in low performance as well. It was influenced by the lack of training that has been held for extension workers. Based on this point, it is necessary to improve the performance of extension workers, utilizing the internet media can be an answer which is very rapidly growing at this time. This study analyzed: 1) the level of internet media utilization, 2) factors influencing internet utilization, and 3) the effect of internet utilization on extension worker performance. Field research conducted in January-March 2017 in Cianjur Regency. The sample of research were 26 government extension workers and 74 contract-based extension workers. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Multiple Linear Regression) was used for analytical method. The results showed that the use of internet by extension workers was moderate, especially for the preparation of reports, the design of extension methods, preparation of “programma” and design extension method. The result of the analysis showed that factors influencing internet usage were age, formal education, internet perception, duration, and diversity of accessed internet media. Performance of extension-workers to increase internet utilization effectively is needed for increase information and insight to be applied to farmers.</p>

This study aimed to determine the effect of each component of cultivation technology application on the production of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) in South Sulawesi. This research was carried out in three rain-type sectors within South Sulawesi Province, namely Maros for the West Sector, Bone for the East Sector, and North Luwu for the Transitional sector. A study was conducted from December 2019 to January 2020 in the form of a survey (study literature, observation, and interviews), with the selection of samples carried out purposively to 90 respondents. Data analysis employed multiple linear regression with SPSS software. The results showed that the average rice production in Maros, Bone and North Luwu regencies, South Sulawesi, was still relatively low, Maros Regency was 7,032 kg per ha, Bone was 5,020 kg per ha and North Luwu was 6,497 kg per ha. The multiple regression equation for rice production in Maros, Bone and North Luwu Regencies, South Sulawesi is Y = 3354,185 -17,751X1 – 4,044X2 +36,839X3 . Factors from the aspect of cultivation technology application can increase rice production. Variables of cropping system, irrigation system, and fertilizer dose had a significant effect on rice production, while the variables of varieties and harvest time did not have a significant effect on rice production.

Agricultural production in the cotton basin of Banikoara in Benin depends on the variability of rainfall, which fluctuates between 800 and 1 200 mm per annum. The income of farm households and their food security are determined by the concomitant fluctuations in cotton and food production. Agricultural diversification based on a sound understanding of the process of adoption of technical innovations has the potential to provide a consistent income, improved agricultural productivity and, in the end, a substantial improvement in the well-being of the farmers. These technical and agricultural innovations are the subject of an economic analysis of the impact of technical progress on the technical and allocative efficiency of farmers in this region. The production of “white gold” in the Banikoara basin depends heavily on the use of chemicals, rather than on biological, agronomic and mechanical interventions. However, these four forms of agricultural innovations need to be combined. In some Asian countries, for example, a more judicious combination of different forms of innovations has resulted in better yields. As yields in Banikoara are low by global standards, technological development and the implementation of new technologies present a real opportunity for improving the well-being of these cotton farmers. However, although many cotton farmers in Banikoara understand that agricultural innovations could help to overcome the challenge of food security, the real question is how to give the cotton producers access to the right technical and agricultural innovations. To this end, this article attempts to describe the levels of adoption of technical and agricultural innovations by the farmers and then to explain the options available to them in order to clarify the mechanisms for sustainable management of cotton production in the Banikoara basin. In total, 1 000 cotton producers were interviewed during the harvest and post-harvest period from October 2010 to September 2012. Some 75% (750 farmers) of the collected responses were found to be reliable. The results show that farmers differ widely in their attitude to the adoption of innovations. A total of 64% of the cotton farmers were not sure about the impact of these innovations on their agricultural efforts, while 32% considered this impact as weak and insufficient. These results can be explained by a delay in decision making in the adoption of agricultural and technical innovations, the lack of information about the benefits of these, the non-reliability of previous results in other specific cases, and the conservative spirit of the endogenous cultural practices. Only 3,2% of farmers perceived these innovations to their right value, while the proportion of cotton producers who were totally in favour of the implementation of these innovations represents only 1,2% of all the farms. Generally speaking, the factors that prevent the adoption and diffusion of new innovations are sociodemographic, economic or institutional in nature. For example, on top of the real risks and uncertainties that threaten agricultural production in the basin there also is the ageing of the farmers and the weak level of education, which makes it difficult for them to adopt the technical innovations. This is reflected in the absence of modern technology. It also is essential that the government should implement specific programmes for the intensification of the technical training of farmers and that farmers should be grouped by means of cooperatives. These two factors would lead to a higher and better perception of the benefits of adopting technical and agricultural innovations not only for cotton, but also for other agricultural production.

Studies have shown that any information and communication technology (ICT) intervention that improves the livelihoods of poor rural families is likely to have a significant impact (direct and indirect) on enhancing agricultural production, marketing, and post-harvest activities. Notable ICT services include: online information services; communication between researchers, extension (knowledge) workers, and farmers; updates on current market information; weather forecasting; input supplies; and credit availability. The lack of up-to-date ICTs can negatively affect information access and utilization among information users. The study sought to investigate the levels of ICT access and utilization by researchers and extension workers within the Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development and how this affected the generation and dissemination of agricultural information among researchers and extension workers. Survey questionnaires were distributed to researchers at the various institutes in the five agro-ecological zones and to extension workers in 10 provinces. The study revealed that the role of ICTs in work and as an information channel was considered inadequate despite the indications by the majority of extension workers and researchers that they had access to ICTs. Findings on the utilization of ICTs in managing information generated by the Departments of Research and Specialist Services and Agricultural Technical and Extension Services revealed that while some ICTs were used to generate documents, most distribution of documents involved hard copies. Available ICTs included computers, printers, telephones, television, Internet, mobile phones, and fax machines, and these were considered effective in the dissemination of agricultural information, although the levels of effectiveness varied according to the resources and respondents.

Demonstration Farming is one method of delivering research results and studies to farmer and other users through technology demonstrations to accelerate technology adoption. The purpose of disseminating technological innovation of new superior varieties of hybrid paddy through demonstration farming is to accelerate technology adoption. The activity was carried out in Mandiri Farmer Group, Mallinrung Village, Libureng District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The implementation time started from May to September 2022. The hybrid paddy cultivation technology package was carried out using the Integrated Crop Management (ICM) approach. Variables observed included: 1). Implementation of hybrid paddy demfarm technology innovation, 2). Rice productivity, and 3). Technology dissemination and adoption opportunities. The results of the activity showed that the paddy Demfarm implemented by Mandiri farmer group through the introduction of hybrid varieties combined with ICM approach was able to increase the average productivity of rice by 11.23 tons.ha-1 or 106.73% of the average initial productivity of 5.43 tons.ha-1. Technology dissemination through paddy demfarm and farmer field meetings gave a good response to farmers participating in demfarm and other farmers both in implementation location area and farmers outside the area. Farmers and extension workers can witness firsthand and feel confident in the superiority of technology being demonstrated. Demfarm paddy technology innovations that are likely to be adopted based on the result of interviews include: the use of hybrid varieties (92%), integrated pest control according to target pest organism (90%), the use of quality/ certified seeds and seed treatment (88%), Balanced fertilization (84%), and complete tillage system (80%).

Women farmers constitute the vast majority of agricultural producers in Tanzania; however, it is not clear where they obtain information on modern farming innovations. Knowing these sources will enable the government and international aid organizations to more effectively channel information for increased productivity, leading to national food security, increased incomes for farm families and promoting gender parity in Tanzania. This study, which was carried out among 300 women farmers in Hai and Kilosa districts of Kilimanjaro and Morogoro regions respectively, aimed at identifying their sources of agricultural information. The theory that guided this study was Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations, especially Rogers and Shoemaker’s Source-Message-Channel-Receiver-Effect (SMCRE) model. The study, which yielded a high response rate of 96%, found that radio and agricultural extension workers were the primary sources of agricultural information for women farmers. Therefore, the researchers recommend that the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives (MAFC) should focus on community radio as the primary source of information dissemination to farmers and supply rural households with solar-powered radios free of charge or at subsidized cost. The finding that extension workers are women farmers’ second main source of information on farming innovations also defeats the general contention that male extension workers are inaccessible to female farmers. A peculiar finding was that even though women farmers have access to mobile phones they do not use them to obtain agricultural information, perhaps, because the MAFC does not have a system for farmers to call in for information.

Rice production in Indonesia is increasingly threatened by climate change and the reduction of rice field area, while rice remains the main commodity for national food security. This study aims to analyze the effect of temperature, as an indicator of climate change, and rice field area on rice production in Indonesia. The data used are annual time series for the period 2005–2024, obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistic s (BPS) and the Ministry of Agriculture. The research method employed is multiple linear regression, with classical assumption tests, t-tests, and F-tests. The results show that temperature has a significant negative effect on rice production, while rice field area has a significant positive impact. Simultaneously, both variables are shown to influence rice production in Indonesia significantly. These findings indicate that rising temperatures reduce rice productivity, whereas increased agricultural land availability increases output. The implication is that adaptation policies to climate change and the protection of sustainable agricultural land should be prioritised to ensure national food security.

Extension is a non-formal learning process to provide knowledge, training, technology, capital, and change the behavior of farmers to be more independent in making decisions. The role of the extension agent in extension activities is as a guide, organizer, technician and consultant to help farmers develop farming and increase production. This study aims to determine the effect of the role of agricultural extension workers on the production of lowland rice in Cibuniasih Village. The research method used is a survey and interviews with 68 respondents, namely rice farmers in Buniasih Village, then analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the role of agricultural instructors had a significant effect of 66.6% on rice production in Cibuniasih Village. The role of agricultural instructors as supervisors and consultants has a significant influence on the results of lowland rice production, meaning that the performance of extension workers in mentoring and consulting activities with farmers is going well. However, the role of agricultural extension workers as organizers and technicians has not had a significant effect on rice production, because the introduction of technology is still not appropriate and the needs of farmers have not been met properly.

Rice is still a strategic commodity in the economy and national food security. Improvement effortsto rice production can be impelemented and one of them is through the intensification of riceplants. The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution and trend of rice production indevelopment areas to rice production in South Sulawesi. This study uses secondary time seriesdata for rice production in South Sulawesi and central areas for a period of 15 years (2004 -2018). For development areas in South Sulawesi, there are 12 regencies : Selayar, Sinjai,Bulukumba, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, Takalar, Gowa, Maros, Pangkep, Barru, Enrekang and Tator. Descriptive and quantitative methods and analyzes were used to determine the contribution andtrend of rice production in development areas to rice production in South Sulawesi. For theanalysis of rice production trends in the development area of South Sulawesi is the least squaremethod. The results of the research on the contribution of development area rice production toSouth Sulawesi rice production for 15 years (2004 - 2018) showed an increase. The trend of riceproduction in the development area of South Sulawesi has increased with the assumption that thecurrent situation is the same as that in the future.

Although the Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) implemented Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in rice production, farmers’ application of GAPs is decreasing. This study was conducted to examine farmers’ perception of GAPs and the determinants of that perception. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a random selection of 315 farmers. By applying principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, the study found that all component technologies of GAPs have relative advantages and visible benefits. However, these component technologies of GAPs in rice production are perceived as relatively difficult to apply by farmers. According to the result of the binary logit model, determinants of farmers’ perception were gender, education, farmland size, access to credit, income from crop production, contact with extension agents, receiving agricultural information, and receiving training in GAPs in rice production. Some agricultural policies and extension activities are needed to enhance farmers’ perceptions of the compatibility of GAPs in rice production. First, the implementation of GAPs in rice production should focus mainly on low-income farmers who own small amounts of farmland. Second, MOAI should reform the credit plan for farmers who wish to accept GAPs in rice production. Third, extension workers should have regular contact with farmers to enhance farmers’ perception of the compatibility of GAPs in rice production. Finally, more agricultural information should be provided, especially for farmers who have larger farms and higher income, concerning the advantages of using GAPs in rice production.

Tanzania is among several countries in Africa, committed to bringing about rural development. To do so the government of Tanzania has relied among other things on its agricultural institutions such as the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and Research Institution. The university role in rural development in Tanzania was examined through a comparative study of h\>o villages: one close to the university, and another remote. The objectives of this study were to examine (a) the influence of SUA on rural development, and (b) how SUA has facilitated adoption of recommended agricultural practices among the small farmers. The Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (AKIS) was used as the conceptual framework for this study. This study was also guided by the general hypothesis that the nearer farmers were to SUA, the more their adoption behaviour would be influenced by SUA. Primary data were collected by interviewing 130 farmers from two villages, academics from SUA, village extension workers from the district of study, as well as heads of parastatals in the same district. Secondary data were also collected from government records, research reports, policy papers, and library archives. The results clearly indicate that SUA has focussed on its major role of training and teaching the human resour ces. Its graduates are employed by many research and training institutions in Tanzania. SUA has continued to contribute to Tanzanian rural development. For instance, betvi>een 1988-1992 SUA also provided short courses to 604 village extension workers and about 956 farmers, and their wives. SUA has also trained the human resources which has been employed by the other sector of the economy, such as banks. The study also shows that SUA had to surmount many obstacles in order to perform its task well. Some of these problems were financial. The results also show that SUA has led rural change in Tanzania by taking part in several specific projects such as the Dairy Project (Arusha) and the Goat project (Mgeta). The results also show differential patterns of adoption of recommended agricultural practices between the close and remote villages. As predicted, the farmers in the villages closer to SUA, were more likely to report adopted recommended practices than farmers in the remote villages. Differences between the two villages were alsofound in their preferences and use of various information sources, with SU A playing more of an indirect role, than a direct role in influencing adoption in each village. Factors associated with adoption of specific recommended practices, however, were practice and village specific. That is, reasons for adopting any one practice were not identical with those associated with other practices nor were they generalisable across villages. A major determinant of the variability appears to be situation relevant behavioural recommendations of the local village extension worker. While SU A had vety little direct impact on the village, it had an indirect impact that it was the institution which provided training to most of the extension workers and in some cases to the farmers and staff of agencies providing assistance. This important but indirect influence that SUA exerts, also suggests that we examine the efficiency and effectiveness of its linkages and alliances with other agencies and its graduates. The presence of different factors influencing adoption in close and remote villages suggests that specific programs were developed to deal with specific issues. There is a need for strategic alliances in linking research, higher education, and extension, either through structure linkage, or improving the net working mechanism. There is also need toforge links among the agricultural knowledge system institutions in order to maximise their synergistic effect on Tanzania rural development. Finally, the difference in adoption between the remote and close villages draws special attention of the need for providing differential strategies in order to accelerate development in remote rural areas.

The study examined the influence of socio-economic characteristics of urban extension workers on farmers’ empowerment. Purposive and simple random sampling methods were used to select 64 extension workers by utilizing the Yamane formula. Data were collected by the use of questionnaires. Frequencies, percentiles and multiple linear regressions were utilised to analyse the data. The extension workers’ socio - economic characteristics were found to positively influence the choice of extension methods. The findings revealed that 37.2% of farmer empowerment could be explained by the choice of extension methods influenced by the characteristics of extension workers. However, 49.9% of the extension workers were not aware of the adult learning principles (ALPs) that are employed in the appropriate choice of extension methods. The study recommends that extension workers in Nairobi County be trained in competencies to consider ALPs and information communication and technology (ICT) techniques in choices of extension methods. These competencies can ultimately lead to an extension system design transformation that will assist the few extension workers to serve more farmers efficiently and effectively leading to farmer empowerment.
 Key words: Extension worker characteristics, farmer empowerment, Nairobi, urban and peri-urban agriculture.

Sustainable agriculture is relatively new in Malaysia. The Department of Agriculture (DOA) has earmarked agricultural extension workers in the transfer of sustainable agricultural practices (SAP) to farmers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of the attitude, perception, philosophy, and knowledge of extension workers in transferring SAP to Malaysian farmers. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a random sample of 400 extension workers associated with the DOA in west Malaysia. Quantitative data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regressions (MLR). Findings supported a positive relationship between extension workers’ philosophy, attitude, perception, and knowledge in transferring SAP to farmers. MLR results showed that variables selected for this study explained 62.3% of the variance in transferring SAP. Results support the importance of variables among the extension workers who transfer sustainable practices to farmers.