Abstract
This study demonstrated both adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in vitro and in vivo combined with three-dimensional (3D) porous sponge matrices on implant wound healing. Sponge matrices were created from hyaluronic acid (HA), collagen (Col), and gelatin (Gel), constructing two types: HA-L (low content) and HA-H (high content), to be cross-linked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method verified carboxyl groups of HA and amino groups of Col and Gel reacting between the raw materials and scaffolds to identify the successive cross-linking. The swelling ratios of two types of sponge matrices were analyzed by water absorption capabilities, and the results displayed both over 30-fold dry scaffold weight enhancements. In biodegradation tests, matrices were hydrolyzed over time by three cutaneous enzymes, hyaluronidase, lysozyme, and collagenase I. ASCs from rats were cultured within the HA-H scaffold, demonstrating higher antioxidative abilities and secretions on related genes and proteins compared to the other two groups. The ASC HA-H matrix promoted cell proliferation to stimulate capillary angiogenesis inducer secretions, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). In vivo histological examinations showed ASCs from implanted HA-H implant transported into the subcutis, and rat skin cells also infiltrated into the original matrix zone to increase the extracellular matrix (ECM) reconstructions. Our experimental data revealed that the ASC HA-H sponge implant was effective in improving wound repair.
Highlights
The human skin covers the entire body, has an average surface area of nearly 1.6 m2 in a human adult, and acts as the first line of defense against external factors
adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) proliferated for a longer time interval of 42 days to cover the surface of the hyaluronic acid (HA)-H matrix, and we discovered that ASCs migrated completely to the superficial around the matrix in the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images
This study discovered that the HA-H matrix provided an optimal pore size and has a high water absorption level
Summary
The human skin covers the entire body, has an average surface area of nearly 1.6 m2 in a human adult, and acts as the first line of defense against external factors. The skin comprises three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutis [1]. The epidermis divides into the stratum corneum, granulosum, and spinosum and basal layer [2]. The dermis area is the supportive connective tissue between the epidermis and the underlying hypodermis and includes two layers: the dermis papillary and reticular layers. The human dermis contains sweat glands, hair roots, nervous cells, fibers, and blood capillaries and lymph vessels. The subcutis, called the hypodermis, lies below the dermis and is used for fat storage. It contains loose connective tissues and fat lobules and has larger blood vessels and nerves than the dermis [2]
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