Abstract
Simple SummarySuccessful attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling has a beneficial outcome in in vitro embryonal improvement. We evaluated the effect of adiponectin during in vitro culture in porcine embryos derived from parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We found that 15 and 30 μg/mL adiponectin treatment significantly improved cleavage rates, blastocyst formation rates, and total cell number (TCN) of blastocysts derived from parthenogenetic activation and reduced the expression levels of XBP1. In SCNT embryos, the cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate, and TCN of blastocysts were significantly improved by 15 μg/mL adiponectin treatment compared to the control. In addition, the 15 μg/mL adiponectin treatment reduced the levels of XBP1 expression and ER stress-related genes, increased expression levels of pluripotency-related genes, and decreased apoptosis-related gene expression. Comprehensively, treatment with 15 μg/mL adiponectin enhanced the in vitro developmental capacity of early-stage SCNT porcine embryos by reducing ER stress and apoptosis.The main factor of embryonic demise is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Successful attenuation of ER stress results in an improvement in embryo development. We studied the impact of adiponectin in the in vitro culture (IVC) of porcine embryos derived from parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The first experiment revealed that 15 and 30 μg/mL adiponectin treatments improved cleavage, blastocyst rates, and total cell number (TCN) of parthenogenetic embryos and reduced the expression of XBP1 compared to the 5 μg/mL adiponectin treatment and control groups (p < 0.05). The second experiment showed that cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate, and TCN of blastocysts were improved in the 15 μg/mL adiponectin treatment group compared with the control group, with significantly reduced XBP1 expression in ≥4-cell stage SCNT embryos and blastocysts (p < 0.05). Treatment with 15 μg/mL adiponectin significantly improved the expression of XBP1 and reduced the expression of ER stress-related genes (uXBP1, sXBP1, PTPN1, and ATF4), increased the expression levels of pluripotency-related genes (Nanog and SOX2), and decreased apoptosis-related gene expression (Caspase-3). These results suggest that 15 μg/mL adiponectin enhanced the in vitro developmental capacity of early-stage SCNT porcine embryos by reducing ER stress and apoptosis.
Highlights
Adiponectin is a protein hormone, a subset of cytokines that are derived from adipose tissue
In the first and second experiment, we studied the effects of adiponectin on cleavage rate and following embryo development, total cell numbers (TCN) of blastocysts, and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) expression levels
Results showed that 15 and 30 μg/mL adiponectin supplementation enhanced the development of cleavage, blastocyst, and TCN of blastocysts compared to the control and 5 μg/mL adiponectin groups (p < 0.05)
Summary
Adiponectin is a protein hormone, a subset of cytokines that are derived from adipose tissue. Adiponectin affects glucose metabolism, fertility, and inflammation [1]. Adiponectin is localized in follicular cells, oocytes, corpus luteum, and follicular fluid [6]. Adiponectin receptors have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of humans, mice, rats, and in the hypothalamus of humans and pigs [7,8,9]. The adiponectin receptor consists of two isoforms, namely, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 [1]. Adiponectin forms various higher-order structures along with a trimeric form and low and high molecular weight form, all of which have diverse mechanisms in metabolic homeostasis [10]. Levels of adiponectin in the bloodstream vary from 3 to 30 μg/mL in various species [2,11,12,13,14,15,16]
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