Abstract
Some evidence shows that body mass index in humans and extreme weights in animal models, including avian species, are associated with low in vitro fertilization, bad oocyte quality, and embryo development failures. Adipokines are hormones mainly produced and released by white adipose tissue. They play a key role in the regulation of energy metabolism. However, they are also involved in many other physiological processes including reproductive functions. Indeed, leptin and adiponectin, the most studied adipokines, but also novel adipokines including visfatin and chemerin, are expressed within the reproductive tract and modulate female fertility. Much of the literature has focused on the physiological and pathological roles of these adipokines in ovary, placenta, and uterine functions. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and chemerin in the oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in both mammals and birds.
Highlights
In mammals and birds, the female reproductive functions are dependent on nutritional status and body composition
Before describing the effects of adipokines on oocyte maturation, the fertilization, and the early embryo development processes, we will first briefly describe the gene and protein structure of the four main adipokines studied in this review, their receptors in mammals, and their peculiarities in birds
Conclusions species, a recent study highlighted a relation between chemerin concentration in follicular fluid. Adipokines and their cognate receptors. It appears that in PCOS women, the chemerin system is leptin, ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2 for adiponectin and CMKLR1, GPR1, CCRL2 for chemerin) are significantly overexpressed compared to the control and this is associated with the poorest embryo expressed in the oocyte and in the embryo of mammalian and avian species (Figure 10)
Summary
The female reproductive functions are dependent on nutritional status and body composition. This step is very important since it will affect future cell divisions continue until the morula stage, when the embryo cells start the process of intracellular specification or cellular morphogenetic [20,21]. From the compaction step at day in mice and later at become a part of the inner cell mass (ICM), the cells on the outside will contribute to the trophectoderm day for other mammals, a liquid cavity called blastocoel is formed inside the embryo. From the compaction step at day 3 in mice and later at day 4 for other mammals, a liquid this delay, the human embryos the likely to undergo at least one additional round of cell division cavity called blastocoel is formedare inside embryo.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
