Addressing the Era of Open Data and Policy Solutions in Indonesia

Nowadays, governments launch open government data (OGD) portals that provide data that can be accessed and used by everyone for their own needs. Although the potential economic value of open (government) data is assessed in millions and billions, not all open data are reused. Moreover, the open (government) data initiative as well as users’ intent for open (government) data are changing continuously and today, in line with IoT and smart city trends, real-time data and sensor-generated data have higher interest for users. These “smarter” open (government) data are also considered to be one of the crucial drivers for the sustainable economy, and might have an impact on information and communication technology (ICT) innovation and become a creativity bridge in developing a new ecosystem in Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. The paper inspects OGD portals of 60 countries in order to understand the correspondence of their content to the Society 5.0 expectations. The paper provides a report on how much countries provide these data, focusing on some open (government) data success facilitating factors for both the portal in general and data sets of interest in particular. The presence of “smarter” data, their level of accessibility, availability, currency and timeliness, as well as support for users, are analyzed. The list of most competitive countries by data category are provided. This makes it possible to understand which OGD portals react to users’ needs, Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 request the opening and updating of data for their further potential reuse, which is essential in the digital data-driven world.

Changes in the world's landscape with massive digital developments affect learning and development strategies of human resources in every organization, including the Government Agencies. In Indonesia, changes in ASN competency management as mandated by the Law on ASN also encourage changes in the learning and development process in education and training units, marked by the emergence of Corporate Universities in Government Agencies. Using the concept and generic strategy approach of Corporate University developed by Radermarkers (2014), this research intends to analyze the learning strategies developed by Corporate University in Government Agencies in Indonesia. The research method is carried out with a literature study approach with data and information from the Corporate University strategic plan as the main data source. From the analysis of concepts and strategies for six Corporate Universities, it can be concluded that the school strategy is the strategy chosen by the majority of Corporate Universities in Government Agencies, compared to the college strategy and the academy strategy. Various concepts and strategies of Corporate University in this research are expected to reference other Government Agencies that will develop Corporate University as a strategy in developing ASN competencies in Indonesia.

Open Government Data (OGD) is data produced or commissioned by the government, which can be publicly published. These data can be accessed freely by anyone, in order to increase public participation and enable government agencies to report their performance transparently. Indonesia is one of many countries that has been applying open government data concept, by establishing Open Government Indonesia (OGI). With the establishment of the OGI, many Indonesian government agencies have developed open government data. However, many of them have low data quality. One standard that can assess open government data quality is Five Star Open Data. This standard uses 5-step concept, with each data requires particular quality to achieve those steps. This paper proposed a solution to enhance the data quality of Indonesian government data and develop a data publishing tool. This data publishing tool accepts data with 2-star and 3-star quality and enhances the quality of input data to 5-star quality respectively. This tool also publishes the data and generates several types of data visualization according to the data. This tool uses data from Hasan Sadikin General Public Hospital (RSHS) as test data. Based on the evaluation conducted, this tool can enhance the data quality of five datasets, from 2-star to 5-star quality. In addition, the tool publishes the datasets and generates data visualization based on the datasets' contents.

The Government Goods/Services Procurement Policy Institute (LKPP) established a policy for measuring the procurement governance index (ITKP) for Government Agencies in Indonesia as one of the tools to achieve a "Clean and Accountable Bureaucracy." This study explores the relationship and significance of ITKP indicators with government performance, as measured by the Government Agency Performance Accountability Report (AKIP). This study uses a quantitative method with secondary data obtained from LKPP and the Ministry of PANRB for the 2020-2023 period. The research sample included 72 ministries and 402 local governments. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between procurement governance and the improvement of the performance of Indonesian government agencies, both in Ministry of Ministries and Agencies, Regional Governments, and the entire sample. The findings can be used as feedback and evaluation for future policy improvements, including the use of the procurement system, the qualifications and competencies of PBJ human resources, as well as the maturity level of UKPBJ.

PurposeGovernment institutions in Indonesia have implemented an integrity system as a strategy to prevent fraud and corruption by integrating the risk management and organizational ethics. This integration is important to increase the awareness of fraud in the organization. Based on self-determination theory, this study examines the mediating effect of fraud awareness on risk management and integrity systems.Design/methodology/approachThe study was carried out by using a quantitative approach. The participants of the survey were auditors of the inspectorate of Ministries and Government Agencies in Indonesia. The number of respondents was 103 auditors. The hypothesis testing method used the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The data were processed by using WarpPls 7.0 software.FindingsThere are two main results in this study. First, risk management directly affect the integrity of the system. Second, fraud awareness mediates the relationship between risk management and integrity systems.Practical implicationsThe result of this study implicates the policymakers in Ministries and Government Agencies in Indonesia to increase organizational fraud awareness through the involvement of internal audits with risk management. The fraud awareness will greatly improve the performance of the integrity system.Originality/valueThis is the first study examined fraud awareness of integrity systems and risk management. This study can enrich the literature on internal audits, especially the duties of auditors with risk management.

An increase in the number of corruption cases in the goods and services procurement at government agencies in Indonesia causes the country to suffer significant losses. This condition proves the noncompliance of the goods and services procurement officials with the code of ethics for the implementation of goods and services procurement. Corruption cases in the goods and services procurement tend to involve goods and services procurement officials, both as Budget User Authorities, Commitment Making Officials, and Technical Implementation Activities Officials. In other words, officials (superiors) use their authority to commit fraud in the goods and services procurement. The purpose of this study is to determine and evaluate the role of the code of ethics on the influence of superior authorities on fraudulent acts in goods and services procurement of government agencies in Indonesia. This study used the laboratory experiments method with the accounting students of Pattimura University, Ambon as the participants and a two-way ANOVA with a 2x3 factorial experimental design as a data analysis technique. The results of this study show that superior authority plays an important role in influencing the occurrence of fraudulent acts in the goods and services procurement, and a code of ethics can reduce it. There is a difference in the tendency to commit fraud in the goods and services procurement when there is a superior authority and no superior authority. The tendency to commit fraud will be smaller for individuals who are asked to read the code of ethics and signatures it compared to only reading the code of ethics and without a code of ethics.

PurposeThis study aims to propose strategies to address the identified major barriers for giving the public open access to government data. The study adopts fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (AHP-TOPSIS) to weigh the barriers and strategies, and it subsequently involves experts to identify and weigh the barriers and strategies. A case of Indonesia is used to contextualize the study.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected using fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS-based questionnaires given to several government representatives who had been working with data and information. The respondents were given sets of pairwise comparisons of which they were asked to compare the level of importance using one to nine fuzzy numbers between barriers and strategies. The data were then calculated using the fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS formula to obtain each weight of the barriers and strategies. The weight is used to prioritize the barrier and strategies.FindingsIn total, five barrier categories in the order of importance, namely, legal and privacy; government culture; social; technical; and economic, were identified from 27 barriers. In total, ten strategies of open government data (OGD) adoption were identified and ranked in the order of importance, and they can be grouped into five priorities. Priority 1 is to involve stakeholders in OGD planning and establish an OGD competence center. Priority 2 is to develop a legal compliance framework. Priority 3 is to adopt OGD gradually. Priority 4 is to create a collaboration feature on the portal for stakeholder communication and raise public awareness of OGD. Priority 5, finally, is to conduct training for government officials, develop standard operating practice for OGD management, use standard data formats and provide metadata.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides a perspective from the government’s view. One suggestion for future research is to conduct a study from the public’s perspective to formulate strategies based on the identified citizens’ barriers in using OGD. In addition, cross-country (of different characteristics) studies were required to generalize the findings.Practical implicationsThe first strategy of the first priority implies that government institutions should be able to develop a preliminary plan to involve relevant stakeholders in OGD planning, which includes identifying relevant stakeholders and continuously engaging them to participate in the planning phase of OGD. The second strategy in the first priority entails that government institutions should realize an OGD competence center by creating a virtual team whose members are from various backgrounds and who are very knowledgeable about OGD and how to manage OGD in government institutions.Originality/valueThis research provides key strategies to address the main barriers to giving the public open access to government data.

Open Data become more and more be applied in many organizations, mainly in government agencies. In one side, open data create many benefits for many parties. But, without supporting by strong Data Management and Governance, Open Data can open many new risk holes. Today, many government agencies in Indonesia take benefits of process automation using sophisticated IT system in their organization. But, most of them never manage and govern their data carefully. All their data and information flow in their organization without supporting of strong data management. This paper will describe relationship analysis between Data Management Functions (from DMBOK) and Characteristic of Open Data that represent by eight Data Principles (Open Government). By this analysis, organization can determine the most important Data Management Function to support Open Data.

PurposeCitizen engagement is key to the success of many Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives. However, not much is known regarding how this type of engagement emerges. This study aims to investigate the necessary conditions for the emergence of citizen-led engagement with OGD and to identify which factors stimulate this type of engagement.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the authors created a systematic overview of the literature to develop a conceptual model of conditions and factors of OGD citizen engagement at the societal, organizational and individual level. Second, the authors used the conceptual model to systematically study citizens’ engagement in the case of a particular OGD initiative, namely, the digitization of presidential election results data in Indonesia in 2014. The authors used multiple information sources, including interviews and documents, to explore the conditions and factors of OGD citizen-led engagement in this case.FindingsFrom the literature the authors identified five conditions for the emergence of OGD citizen-led engagement as follows: the availability of a legal and political framework that grants a mandate to open up government data, sufficient budgetary resources allocated for OGD provision, the availability of OGD feedback mechanisms, citizens’ perceived ease of engagement and motivated citizens. In the literature, the authors found six factors contributing to OGD engagement as follows: democratic culture, the availability of supporting institutional arrangements, the technical factors of OGD provision, the availability of citizens’ resources, the influence of social relationships and citizens’ perceived data quality. Some of these conditions and factors were found to be less important in the studied case, namely, citizens’ perceived ease of engagement and citizens’ perceived data quality. Moreover, the authors found several new conditions that were not mentioned in the studied literature, namely, citizens’ sense of urgency, competition among citizen-led OGD engagement initiatives, the diversity of citizens’ skills and capabilities and the intensive use of social media. The difference between the conditions and factors that played an important role in the case and those derived from the literature review might be because of the type of OGD engagement that the authors studied, namely, citizen-led engagement, without any government involvement.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are derived using a single case study approach. Future research can investigate multiple cases and compare the conditions and factors for citizen-led engagement with OGD in different contexts.Practical implicationsThe conditions and factors for citizen-led engagement with OGD have been evaluated in practice and discussed with public managers and practitioners through interviews. Governmental organizations should prioritize and stimulate those conditions and factors that enhance OGD citizen engagement to create more value with OGD.Originality/valueWhile some research on government-led engagement with OGD exists, there is hardly any research on citizen-led engagement with OGD. This study is the first to develop a conceptual model of necessary conditions and factors for citizen engagement with OGD. Furthermore, the authors applied the developed multilevel conceptual model to a case study and gathered empirical evidence of OGD engagement and its contributions to solving societal problems, rather than staying at the conceptual level. This research can be used to investigate citizen engagement with OGD in other cases and offers possibilities for systematic cross-case lesson-drawing.

Providing access to non-confidential government data to the public is one of the initiatives adopted by many governments today to embrace government transparency practices. The initiative of publishing non-confidential government data for the public to use and re-use without restrictions is known as Open Government Data (OGD). Nevertheless, after several years after its inception, the direction of OGD implementation remains uncertain. The extant literature on OGD adoption concentrates primarily on identifying factors influencing adoption decisions. Yet, studies on the underlying factors influencing OGD after the adoption phase are scarce. Based on these issues, this study investigated the post-adoption of OGD in the public sector, particularly the data provider agencies. The OGD post-adoption framework is crafted by anchoring the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and the innovation adoption process theory. The data was collected from 266 government agencies in the Malaysian public sector. This study employed the partial least square-structural equation modeling as the statistical technique for factor analysis. The results indicate that two factors from the organizational context (top management support, organizational culture) and two from the technological context (complexity, relative advantage) have a significant contribution to the post-adoption of OGD in the public sector. The contribution of this study is threefold: theoretical, conceptual, and practical. This study contributed theoretically by introducing the post-adoption framework of OGD that comprises the acceptance, routinization, and infusion stages. As the majority of OGD adoption studies conclude their analysis at the adoption (decisions) phase, this study gives novel insight to extend the analysis into unexplored territory, specifically the post-adoption phase. Conceptually, this study presents two new factors in the environmental context to be explored in the OGD adoption study, namely, the data demand and incentives. The fact that data providers are not influenced by data requests from the agency's external environment and incentive offerings is something that needs further investigation. In practicality, the findings of this study are anticipated to assist policymakers in strategizing for long-term OGD implementation from the data provider's perspective. This effort is crucial to ensure that the OGD initiatives will be incorporated into the public sector's service thrust and become one of the digital government services provided to the citizen.

Providing access to non-confidential government data to the public is one of the initiatives adopted by many governments today to embrace government transparency practices. The initiative of publishing non-confidential government data for the public to use and re-use without restrictions is known as Open Government Data (OGD). Nevertheless, after several years after its inception, the direction of OGD implementation remains uncertain. The extant literature on OGD adoption concentrates primarily on identifying factors influencing adoption decisions. Yet, studies on the underlying factors influencing OGD after the adoption phase are scarce. Based on these issues, this study investigated the post-adoption of OGD in the public sector, particularly the data provider agencies. The OGD post-adoption framework is crafted by anchoring the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework and the innovation adoption process theory. The data was collected from 266 government agencies in the Malaysian public sector. This study employed the partial least square-structural equation modeling as the statistical technique for factor analysis. The results indicate that two factors from the organizational context (top management support, organizational culture) and two from the technological context (complexity, relative advantage) have a significant contribution to the post-adoption of OGD in the public sector. The contribution of this study is threefold: theoretical, conceptual, and practical. This study contributed theoretically by introducing the post-adoption framework of OGD that comprises the acceptance, routinization, and infusion stages. As the majority of OGD adoption studies conclude their analysis at the adoption (decisions) phase, this study gives novel insight to extend the analysis into unexplored territory, specifically the post-adoption phase. Conceptually, this study presents two new factors in the environmental context to be explored in the OGD adoption study, namely, the data demand and incentives. The fact that data providers are not influenced by data requests from the agency’s external environment and incentive offerings is something that needs further investigation. In practicality, the findings of this study are anticipated to assist policymakers in strategizing for long-term OGD implementation from the data provider’s perspective. This effort is crucial to ensure that the OGD initiatives will be incorporated into the public sector’s service thrust and become one of the digital government services provided to the citizen.

Purpose Accountability, citizen participation and transparency are the three pillars on which open government data (OGD) is based. As such, OGD implies that the government shall provide data freely via the internet so that the same may be re-used for diverse purposes. It is hoped that by re-using government data, public value shall be co-created and government services might be improved upon with the involvement of different stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to underline the impact of OGD on accountability and transparency in the context of Pakistan where OGD initiative is taking roots for quite some time now. In the present study, the authors seek to investigate the challenges being faced by the professionals in the private sector and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) in Pakistan. Besides, the authors also seek inputs from the respondents in the manner in which OGD initiative of Pakistan has impact on ensuring accountability and transparency. Design/methodology/approach For conducting the review of the national OGD portal of Pakistan, the authors invoke documentary analysis wherein the authors investigate the features of the national OGD portal of Pakistan. Furthermore, the authors conducted structured interviews with 49 senior management representatives from private sector and NGOs in order to gauge the challenges encountered by them in tapping OGD from diverse online public sources. Findings Respondents aver that robust statistical analysis is not feasible via the data sets being shared by the online sources. More initiatives are required on the part of the government bodies to release the data sets which have remained confined in silos. Government should institutionalize an OGD policy and promote the re-use of OGD by the professionals from diverse backgrounds. At present, only educational data are being shared by the OGD portal of Pakistan and it is important that more data sets are being released in the public domain. Furthermore, the respondents perceive that in a bid to be more accountable and transparent, the government bodies should release data sets via the online channels which are user-friendly. Research limitations/implications The present study conducted a qualitative research where the number of respondents was relatively less. Further research is required by adopting quantitative approach in order to accommodate more respondents and lend reliability to the study. Nevertheless, the study holds implications for academicians and practitioners in the sense that while it is needed that further research be conducted on the OGD initiative of Pakistan, it is imperative that policy makers get involved in institutionalizing the OGD initiative of Pakistan at national and local levels. Social implications Professionals might be better involved in creating and co-creating products and services by tapping OGD. Originality/value Given that OGD initiative in Pakistan is in a nascent stage and research is wanting in exploring the nature and scope of Pakistan’s OGD, the present study seeks to contribute toward the existing OGD literature.

Today, the growth of data in the world is very significant, including government data. To generate value from these data, the Indonesian Government establish an Open Government Data (OGD) initiative, through Satu Data Indonesia (SDI). BPS, as an SDI coach, has an open data portal which is a guideline for other agencies in Indonesia. Therefore, assessment to BPS open data portal is important, because it will be a benchmark for the success of OGD in Indonesia. The measurement was conduct using Open Data Maturity Measurement (OD-MM), by providing questionnaires for the three SMEs at BPS, filled with interview. From the domains assessed, the result shows that the maturity level rate of BPS open data portal is at level 3 on a score from 1 to 4. This means that there are procedures and standards in implementing OGD, but their implementation is still limited to formalization of activities.

Open Government Data (OGD) is a fundamental source for sustainability-oriented and data-driven innovation by citizens, companies, and other actors. However, many government agencies are reluctant to openly share their data with the public. While the resistance of public organizations to openly share government data has been investigated in previous research, most of these studies are focused on the reuse of open government data by companies and citizens. There is a paucity of research applying theoretical models to study the provision of OGD, and more specifically, the resistance of public organizations to make government data publicly available. We argue that Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT), which considers both functional and psychological factors, can be used to study OGD barriers, where OGD is seen as a source of innovation. This study aims to develop an OGD-adapted IRT model to empirically identify predictors affecting public agencies’ resistance to openly sharing government data. Based on a review of the literature on both IRT research and barriers associated with open data sharing by public agencies, we develop an initial version of the model. In our future research, we plan to conduct exploratory interviews in multiple countries to refine the model. Ultimately, we will validate the refined model to study the resistance of public authorities to openly sharing government data in a quantitative study.

Identifying patterns and recommendations of and for sustainable open data initiatives: A benchmarking-driven analysis of open government data initiatives among European countries