Addressing drinking water salinity due to sea water intrusion in Praia de Leste, Parana, by a brackish water desalination pilot plant

Research Article| December 01 2007 Recycling the wastewater of the industrial park in Northern Taiwan using UF-RO system: in-situ pilot testing and cost analysis C. P. Chu; C. P. Chu 1Environmental Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Inc., 3F, 248, An-Kang Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan Tel.: +886-2-27918858 Fax: +886-2-27941354; E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw; http://www.sinotech.org.tw/eerc-ctr Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar S. R. Jiao; S. R. Jiao 1Environmental Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Inc., 3F, 248, An-Kang Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar H. M. Lin; H. M. Lin 2Rum-Tech Inc., 20 Ben Po Chueh, Po Lo Vill., Hu-Kou Hsiang, Hsin-Chu 303, Taiwan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar C. H. Yang; C. H. Yang 2Rum-Tech Inc., 20 Ben Po Chueh, Po Lo Vill., Hu-Kou Hsiang, Hsin-Chu 303, Taiwan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Y. J. Chung Y. J. Chung 1Environmental Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Inc., 3F, 248, An-Kang Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2007) 56 (8): 533–540. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2007.024 Article history Received: December 05 2006 Accepted: May 16 2007 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation C. P. Chu, S. R. Jiao, H. M. Lin, C. H. Yang, Y. J. Chung; Recycling the wastewater of the industrial park in Northern Taiwan using UF-RO system: in-situ pilot testing and cost analysis. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 December 2007; 56 (8): 533–540. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2007.024 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex In Taiwan, every industrial park equips a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to collect wastewater streaming from all the factories. These effluents, though showing high total dissolved solids (TDS) and fluctuating composition, would be a valuable water resource for industrial use after large scale purification, especially in the drought seasons. In this study, a pilot plant was installed for reclaiming the effluents from the industrial park WWTP through the membrane process. A modified spiral-wound ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with backwash function was utilized for the pretreatment of the reverse osmosis (RO) system. Evaluation results showed that the pilot plant was performing stably during the two-month operation. After the RO desalination, the quality of the reclaimed water basically met the requirement standards of intermediate-pressure boiler feedwater (150 ∼ 750 psig) of the Environmental Protection Agency, United States (USEPA). The backwashable spiral wound UF membrane provided suitable water quality for RO influent (SDI < 4) and helped reduce the cost compared to using hollow-fibre UF membrane. The total cost of recycling one-ton effluent included US$ 0.35 for construction and US$ 0.45 for operation/maintenance. backwashable spiral wound UF, cost analysis, industrial park, reclaimed water This content is only available as a PDF. © IWA Publishing 2007 You do not currently have access to this content.

Monitoring of the water total dissolved solids (TDS) has remarkable importance for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. The controller designed and simulated in this paper controls and displays the TDS of water. This controller assembled with industrial and domestic purifiers has better control to frequent changing TDS of input water. Controller parameters in this paper are derived based on Ziegler Nicolas tuning method. Working of the controller will be explained here by discussion of several simulation models, and advantages over other controllers will also be studied. In order to have better and fast control over frequent change in TDS, a mathematical model for domestic water purification reverse osmosis (RO) system is taken from previous published paper. Then, the system model is used for testing and comparing P, PI, and PID controller; after the comparisons, a PID controller is selected because of its capability to settle fast and is then compared with constant and random TDS inputs. Task of controlling the TDS is done through real time and continuous controlling of a mixing valve. KeywordsTotal dissolved solids (TDS)Reverse osmosis (RO)Ziegler NicolasPPIPID controller

Radionuclides (uranium, thorium, radium, radon gas etc.) are found naturally in air, water, soil and rock. Everyday, we ingest and inhale these radionuclides through the air we breathe and through food and water we take. Out of the internal exposure via ingestion of radionuclides, water contributes the major portion. The natural radioactivity of water is due to the activity transfer from bed rock and soils. In our surveys carried out in the past few years, we have observed high concentrations of uranium and total dissolved solids (TDS) in drinking waters of some southern parts of Punjab State exceeding the safe limits recommended by national and international agencies. The main drinking water source is the underground water procured from different depths. Due to the highly saline taste, disorders in their digestive systems and other ailments, people are installing reverse osmosis (RO) systems in their houses. Some RO systems have been installed on commercial basis. The state government is also in the process of installing community RO systems at the village level. As high values of uranium are also undesired and may pose health hazards due to radioactivity and toxicity of uranium, we have conducted a survey in the field to study the performance of various RO systems for removal of uranium and TDS. Water samples from about forty RO systems from Faridkot, Mansa, Bathinda and Amritsar districts of Punjab State were collected and analyzed. Our results show that some RO systems are able to remove more than 99% of uranium in the underground waters used for drinking purposes. TDS values are also reduced considerably to the desired levels. So RO systems can be used to avoid the risk of unduly health problems posed by high concentrations of uranium and TDS in drinking water.

The project objective was to develop a cooling blowdown water (BDW) treatment process utilizing produced water (PW) and low-grade heat to maximize water reuse and saleable by-product generation while reducing chemical and energy footprints of the treatment. The proposed treatment process consists of mixing, softening, organics and suspended solids removal, reverse osmosis (RO), thermal desalination, and brine electrolysis. BDW samples collected from a local coal-fired power plant and PW samples from two shale gas production wells were used in this study. Each treatment unit was first designed and tested to quantify its treatment efficiency, and its chemical and energy requirements. In addition, a process model was developed and model simulations were conducted based on the experimental results and literature data to optimize the treatment process. A techno-economic analysis was conducted to quantify chemical and energy savings as well as production of 10-lb brine as a saleable product. With the field-collected BDW and PW samples, mixing experiments determined a volumetric mixing ratio 10:1 (BDW:PW) resulted in the best performance of multivalent ions removal and largest chemical savings for softening. Softening of the BDW/PW mixtures using alkaline chemicals (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and NaOH) achieved 95%-100% removal of scaling-forming cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Ba, Sr) and 60% of silicon, and 10% of total organic carbon (TOC). The mixing and softening treatments yielded an effluent with total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 23 g/L. Activated carbon (AC) filtration removed TOC to a low level (&lt; 3 mg/L) and further removed remaining scale-forming divalent metals and silica from the softened water. The AC filtration resulted in a slight reduction of TDS from 23 g/L to 20 g/L, leaving behind only mostly monovalent ions (i.e., sodium and chloride) in the filtered water. These pretreatments yielded a feed water that met the criteria of the downstream reverse osmosis (RO) to prevent membrane fouling. A cross-flow RO system was used to further concentrate the TDS of the AC effluent. Various factors including TDS, pH, and applied pressure were examined and optimal conditions were determined for the co-treatment process. An integrated process consisting of mixing, softening, AC filtration and RO was used to treat a continuous flow (0.25 – 1.2 L/min, or 0.07 – 0.32 gpm) and successfully generated RO permeate as product water (TDS &lt; 0.5 g/L) for reuse in cooling operation, and a concentrate (TDS ~ 45 g/L) to be further treated in a thermal desalination unit. These flow rates meet the FOA’s criterion of 0.01 – 1 gpm. Overall, the co-treatment of BDW/PW allowed shorter ramp-up time compared to treatment of BDW alone. It resulted in 40% and 55% savings of Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3(s)&lt;/sub&gt; and NaOH, respectively, compared to treating the BDW and PW individually for the same level of softening. The co-treatment also resulted in a 29% energy saving compared to treatment of BDW only for the level of TDS concentration. A thermal desalination system was designed using CFD simulations and manufactured in the WVU Innovation Hub for further treatment of the RO concentrate to generate 10-lb brine. The system has a design flow rate of 2 gpm and has been successfully tested. A bench-scale brine electrolysis system was developed for on-site generation of chlorine/hypochlorite (Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/OCl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) and caustic soda (NaOH) as useful chemicals for the co-treatment process. Using salt solutions (0.5 M and 1 M), the system achieved faradaic efficiencies of 93%-97% and 70%-77% for caustic soda and chlorine/hypochlorite generation, respectively. An economic analysis showed that the electricity costs for on-site generation of these chemicals were significantly lower than the chemical prices offered by suppliers. An industrial-scale process model consisting of mixing, softening, AC filtration, RO, thermal desalination, and brine electrolysis was developed using the Aspen Plus V9 in conjunction with Aspen Custom Modeler V9. The model serves as a solvable Aspen Plus model and as basis to form the costing infrastructure. In addition, techno-economic analysis considering capital, operating, and transportation costs was conducted. An optimization solution showed that produced water for mixing is still advantageous in low quantities. The optimum solution approaches a leveled cost of water (LCW) of 2 $/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; which becomes cost competitive with nominal water treatment prices.

BackgroundAs an appropriate tool, membrane process is used for desalination of brackish water, in the production of drinking water. The present study aims to investigate desalination processes of brackish water of Qom Province in Iran.MethodsThis study was carried out at the central laboratory of Water and Wastewater Company of the studied area. To this aim, membrane processes, including nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), separately and also their hybrid process were applied. Moreover, water physical and chemical parameters, including salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), Na+1 and Cl−1 were also measured. Afterward, the rejection percent of each parameter was investigated and compared using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis separately and also by their hybrid process. The treatment process was performed by Luna domestic desalination device, which its membrane was replaced by two NF90 and TW30 membranes for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes, respectively. All collected brackish water samples were fed through membranes NF90-2540, TW30-1821-100(RO) and Hybrid (NF/RO) which were installed on desalination household scale pilot (Luna water 100GPD). Then, to study the effects of pressure on permeable quality of membranes, the simulation software model ROSA was applied.ResultsResults showed that percent of the salinity rejection was recorded as 50.21%; 72.82 and 78.56% in NF, RO and hybrid processes, respectively. During the study, in order to simulate the performance of nanofiltartion, reverse osmosis and hybrid by pressure drive, reverse osmosis system analysis (ROSA) model was applied. The experiments were conducted at performance three methods of desalination to remove physic-chemical parameters as percentage of rejections in the pilot plant are: in the NF system the salinity 50.21, TDS 43.41, EC 43.62, Cl 21.1, Na 36.15, and in the RO membrane the salinity 72.02, TDS 60.26, EC 60.33, Cl 43.08, Na 54.41. Also in case of the rejection in hybrid system of those parameters and ions included salinity 78.65, TDS 76.52, EC 76.42, Cl 63.95, and Na 70.91.ConclusionsComparing rejection percent in three above-mentioned methods, it could be concluded that, in reverse osmosis process, ions and non-ion parameters rejection ability were rather better than nanofiltration process, and also better in hybrid compared to reverse osmosis process.The results reported in this paper indicate that the integration of membrane nanofiltration with reverse osmosis (hybrid NF/RO) can be completed by each other probably to remove salinity, TDS, EC, Cl, and Na.

A model for the observed secondary-maximum in backwash-effluent-TDS-data obtained during backwash of spiral-wound RO membranes

Ground water in both the northeastern and southwestern coast areas of Taiwan may contain high concentrations of arsenic. Since no central water supply system is available in some of those areas, point-of-use (POU) water purification devices are considered as an option for providing safe drinking water. In this study, removal of arsenic, using two types of POU purification devices, reverse osmosis (RO) systems and distillers, was investigated. Three commercially available RO systems and two distillers were selected to test their removal efficiency of arsenic from synthetic and real ground water. Experimental results of the three RO systems using synthetic ground water showed that only one system had good removal efficiency for arsenic. In subsequent experiments using real ground water with 0.7 mg l−1 arsenic, only one RO system was able to meet the drinking water standard after producing about 1,000 l of treated water. For the distilling systems, 99% of the arsenic was removed from both synthetic and real ground water. The arsenic concentrations in the finished water of both distillers were all below the standard for drinking water. Although systems with higher arsenic removal efficiency seemed to have better removal of total dissolved solids (TDS), no correlation could be found after analysis.

Integrated membrane pilot plant for refinery wastewater treatment in order to produce boiler feedwater

Small-scale reverse osmosis brackish water desalting system combined with greenhouse application for use in remote arid communities

The abundance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) in seawater has been reported for many years. Recently, however, TEPs have been implicated as one of the leading causes of biofouling in reverse osmosis (RO) systems. A pilot plant study of a seawater ultrafiltration (UF)–RO system was conducted to monitor seasonal variation of TEPs, removal through pretreatment processes, and deposition in the RO system. Operational performance of the UF and RO systems was also monitored to evaluate the effects of TEPs on plant operations. A spectrophotometric assay measured TEPs in the particulate and colloidal size range at different stages of the plant. TEP monitoring of raw water indicated a significant increase of p-TEPs and c-TEPs from late March until early May, after which TEPs subsided to lower levels. The period was also marked by increased chlorophyll a and total organic carbon, indicating algal blooms in the seawater source. TEPs in the raw water were partially removed by microstraining and UF p...

Recycle unit wastewater treatment in petrochemical complex using reverse osmosis process

Pollution and over exploitation of groundwater aquifer and surface water have led to a decrease of quality and availability of natural water resource in many regions. This situation has led to elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) beyond standards and facilitates toxic metals accumulation and other problems like staining and/or precipitation. One of the treatment options for an elevated total dissolved solution is desalination using a solar driven reverse osmosis system. The northern part of Ethiopia has short rainy season and long dry weather with clear sky radiation. Solar radiation ranges from 5.46 kWh/m 2 /day in August to 6.82 kWh/m 2 /day in April, with an average of 6.09 kWh/m 2 /day. This paper deals with application of reverse osmosis, driven by desalination system using solar energy, to supply safe drinking water for the rural areas of northern Ethiopia. Reverse osmosis due to its low energy consumption is one of the best desalination alternatives. Solar powered reverse osmosis system was developed and installed at Mekelle University. The main components are photovoltaic panels, two DC powered pumps, carbon filters, and flow meters. The system made to operate in a variable power, flow, and pressure considering the naturally varying irradiance throughout the day. The entire process of irradiation potential measurements, the amount of energy generated using solar panel, and the amount of TDS is discussed. The feed water with nearly constant TDS around 2800 ppm from the study area has reduced to fairly constant TDS of about 100 ppm after desalination. The average desalination capacity of the system is 50 litres per hour. Keywords : Carbon filter; Desalination; Flow meter; Reverse osmosis; Photovoltaic cells, Ethiopia.

Performance of a water reclamation plant using ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) treating 280,000 m3/d of wastewater was evaluated over 1 year. Statistical analyses were performed on flow rate, temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total coliforms. Variations in flow rates coincided with those in temperature, both being seasonal, but plant performance was not highly influenced by such variations. The RO system recovered 85% of water flow. Data on process variables conform to a normal probability distribution and reveal the high process efficiency and reliability of UF and RO systems. Plant efficiencies were &amp;gt;99% for TSS, TDS, BOD5 and total coliforms. Efficiencies were the highest for TSS and total coliforms in the UF system, while they were the highest for TDS and BOD5 in the RO system. Cumulative frequency distribution analyses indicate that RO plays an important role in maintaining a stable plant performance and high quality reclaimed water. The UF system proved essential for complimenting successful performance of the RO system. Reclaimed water satisfies, at 99% frequency, the quality standards for potable water concerning TSS, TDS, BOD5 and total coliforms even though membranes have been operating continuously for 6 consecutive years.

Membrane technology has emerged as a dominant solution to seawater desalination due to its superior advantages such as stable output water quality, lower energy consumption, ease of operation and smaller footprint. However, the design of spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membranes used in desalination does not allow for backwash or air scouring, thus rendering the RO membrane highly susceptible to fouling. Pretreatment for the RO system is therefore essential to ensure a long service life of the RO membranes. For waters containing suspended solids of up to 75 mg/L (such as that in the SingSpring Desalination Plant at Tuas, Singapore), conventional pretreatment methods (such as dissolved air floatation and filtration (DAFF), chemical dosing and cartridge filtration) require regular operator intervention to produce a permeate of reasonably quality. Ultrafiltration (UF) as a pretreatment for seawater desalination can offer better treated water, lower operating costs, a smaller footprint, and flexibility in dealing with poor or varying feed water quality. By improving the pretreatment permeate water quality, reducing operating costs and the footprint, capital expenses can be lowered. Greater stability is also achieved during times of poor or variable feed water conditions (such as periods of algalbloom). A pilot study was conducted at SingSpring to track the performance of Hyflux's Kristal® 2000 hollow fiber UF membranes as pretreatment for the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) system. The results of the pilot study will enable the design of future large-scale UF-SWRO membrane projects for seawater desalination.

PurposeThe textile industry is one of the largest and most important industrial sectors in India. Because the textile industry consumes large quantities of water and produces highly polluted water discharge, its environmental impact is high. Water is expensive to use, treat and dispose of. Therefore, water conservation and reuse are critical necessity for the textile industry because decreasing water and wastewater treatment and recycling costs can be beneficial.Design/methodology/approachThis research neutralized the pH during dyeing industry wastewater treatment. The system should be robust to erroneous sensor measurements. A pH meter was developed and used to monitor the pH of wastewater hourly before and after HCl treatment.FindingsHCl was used to neutralize the pH of wastewater from 9 to 7.5. The amount of HCl was optimized depending on the wastewater. Three wastewater treatment methods were used, namely, HCl, wash water and reverse osmosis (RO) treatments. The HCl treatment was the most effective for decreasing the pH; the wash water treatment was the most effective for decreasing the total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) total hardness and chemical oxygen demand; and the RO treatment was the most effective for decreasing the biochemical oxygen demand, TDS, TSS, total hardness and Cl− concentration.Originality/valueThe pH should be monitored during the textile dyeing because the addition of color to textile fabrics is the most effective at neutral pH. This study evaluated several parameters of wastewater, including pH, color, TSS and TDS. The fabricated digital pH meter provided superior results than conventional measuring devices. The goal was to maintain a neutral pH during dyeing and recycle wastewater to improve environmental sustainability. The newly developed digital pH meter was less expensive and more precise than traditional pH meters. Before reusing and recycling, wastewater underwent ultrafiltration and RO treatment.