Address Forms and Vocatives-Diminutives in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights

Heathcliff<i>Walks</i>

Considers Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights as poetic writing of the highest order. Numerous examples are given where graphic and striking prose shows an underlying use of literary and poetic devices such as assonance, alliteration and rhythmic cadences. Emily uses a rich mixture of standard, dialect and regional variations of language. This is carefully used to delineate the novel's characters. Shows how the 'elemental' nature of the work is enhanced by its use of poetic language. Note Text of the Annual Bronte Lecture given at Haworth in June 1998

This paper investigates the use of address forms among the academic staff of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies at the Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The aim is to find out whether there is variation in the use of the terms between the members of academic staff of the Faculty which has six Departments (Arabic, English, History, Islamic Studies and Sharia, Nigerian Languages, Linguistics and Foreign Languages). An ethnography research method and the Variationist Sociolinguistics Theory are used to collect and analyze the data. Following the findings, three address forms are presented in more detail, namely titles, nicknames, and kinship terms. Special attention is put to the title Malam, which originally referred to a teacher or a person versed in Islamic knowledge, but nowadays is used more commonly than any other type of address forms. The research shows that age, gender, social status, degree of intimacy, and context of communication determine the use of the address forms among academic staff. The findings reveal that the staff members of the Faculty favor traditional address terms which are used in Hausa society rather than the terms corresponding to their professional rank. In addition, these address forms are culture specific and the dominant culture is Hausa.

This study aims to determine the personality of Catherine Earnshaw, who is the protagonist of the novel Wuthering Heights. The novel Wuthering Heights has a gothic theme and a tragedy. This novel tells the intricate love story and dominate with the social class, egoism, and hatred. The conflict is around two families namely Earnshaw and Linton. Catherine's life is filled with choices, including two loves from different people with different backgrounds and lives. That is one of reason the series of decisions and attitudes of her in the future. Catherine Earnshaw’s personality, egocentric tendencies, and defense mechanisms are the main issues in this research. This research belongs to library research which applied the qualitative research method. In addition, there are two types of data sources, namely primary data from Emily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights and secondary data in the form of books, journals, and official sites related to research. This study applies Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalytic which shows three personality structures, namely the id, the ego and the superego. The results shows that Catherine Earnshaw has an egocentric tendency with five types including egocentric memory, egocentric myopia, egocentric righteousness, egocentric blindness, and egocentric immediacy. In dealing with the tendency, Catherine balances with defense mechanisms in the form of denial, identification, repression, and rationalization.

Goals. The article attempts to analyze the synthetic and analytical aspectual forms of the Mongolian verb in a quantitative perspective. Materials. The calculation was done on the materials of the General Corpus of the Mongolian Language, and the degree of use of aspectual forms is studied. Results. The paper discusses the issue of distinguishing between synthetic and analytical forms is discussed, delineates certain classes of forms. The following subsystems are distinguished in the system of synthetic forms: 1) subsystem of synthetic verb forms of participial representation, 2) subsystem of synthetic verb forms of predicative-indicative representation, 3) subsystem of synthetic verb forms of adverbial (converbial) representation, 4) subsystem of synthetic verb forms of stem-formation. Within the framework of the generalized system of verbal grammatical forms, analytical aspectual forms are also distinguished. The work characterizes some most common analytical aspectual forms. The most common of them is the analytical form of the ‘progressive’ (// ‘continuative’) formed by combining the synthetic taxis form of the congressional participle (with - ж) (CVB.CNGR) with the connective (existential) verb бай-(х) (lit. ‘ be’). A fragment of the table of the frequency of grammatical forms included in the (analytically expressed) grammeme ‘progressive’ is shown.

The elements of Victorian literature found in the novel Wuthering Heights were the greatest effects loved by the characters in the novel Wuthering Heights. The purpose of this study was to describe a reflection of the character types and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights Novel. The author uses a qualitative method to clearly describe the results. The theory used in this study was Edgar V. Roberts' character analysis and Maslow's theory of need hierarchy. First, the author identifies the characters and then classifies all the data into the type of hierarchy of needs. The author analyze of the Heathcliff’s, Catherine’s, and Hindley’s on Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, how could Abraham Maslow's theory analyze the characters in Heathcliff’s, Catherine’s, and Hindley’s on Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. Based on the research, the author’s describe five hierarchy of need in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. They were physiological needs, safety needs, love and attribution needs, respect needs, and self-fulfillment needs. The characters were Heathcliff, Catherine, and Hindley. Heathcliff was arrogant and humble in the lasting fame and popularity of the novel. Catherine's Earnshaw is bohemian, beautiful, spoiled and often arrogant. Hindley relinquished control of family and arrogant.

The research titled “the use of language on Istagram among English language students”. The objective of this research was to focus on how the use of language and language style, on several Instagram posted by students English department semester V Suryakancana University Cianjur. In this study the author used language style theory, and also used qualitative research method for conducting the data. There are three problems that are the focus of this research, such as: 1. How the use of language. 2. What the factor that affects the use of language on Instagram. 3. What language style used. Researchers collect data by observation and perform language style analysis on Istagram posts of English students. Furthermore, after doing all steps of the research, researchers will know the reason for the use of the language and also language style on Istagram posts of English students. The last author will get information in the form of data from the series of research that has been done

Figures of speech are imaginative tools in both literature and ordinary communication used for explaining speech beyond its usual usage. Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847) – the only novel written by this writer - differs from many other literary works due to its style, its particular use of language and figures of speech. The literary tool and figure of speech we have illustrated in the present paper is the simile. Emily Brontë uses simile as a means both to creatively and purposefully convey her thoughts and ideas to the reader and to impact him/her. The literary analysis shows that the simile is also an excellent device for the author to make an unusual thing seem more familiar or a familiar thing seem more unique. Through simile the reader may imagine vividly the fictive world of Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights.

This study aims to determine the pattern of systematic variation in language use based on social and linguistic factors seen from a pragmatic point of view. This type of research uses qualitative research methods. The data collection technique used in this study is a library research method that focuses on the study of various literature by analyzing the content in it. In addition, the data collection research used in this study was observation and interviews. The data analysis technique used is a content analysis technique. The research sample in this article is the people from Medan. Based on the results of the research that language can affect systematic variation based on social and linguistic factors. Based on pragmatic linguistic factors, language use can influence systematic variation due to several factors, such as habitual factors, environmental factors, and interest factors in certain language styles. While social factors can affect systematic variations in language use, especially occupational factors, because the work environment greatly determines how a person's language style in everyday life.This study aims to determine the pattern of systematic variation in language use based on social and linguistic factors seen from a pragmatic point of view. This type of research uses qualitative research methods. The data collection technique used in this study is a library research method that focuses on the study of various literature by analyzing the content in it. In addition, the data collection research used in this study was observation and interviews. The data analysis technique used is a content analysis technique. The research sample in this article is the people from Medan. Based on the results of the research that language can affect systematic variation based on social and linguistic factors. Based on pragmatic linguistic factors, language use can influence systematic variation due to several factors, such as habitual factors, environmental factors, and interest factors in certain language styles. While social factors can affect systematic variations in language use, especially occupational factors, because the work environment greatly determines how a person's language style in everyday life.

The research reported herein is part of a larger project, sponsored by the Center for Advanced Language Proficiency Education and Research (CALPER), a National Foreign Language Resource Center at the Pennsylvania State University. This project aims to examine the achievement of foreign language learners in relation to the access to social and interactional affordances these learners negotiated in the host community during a study abroad sojourn in France in Spring, 2003.&#x0D; The present paper explores a methodology for assessing learners’ meta-pragmatic awareness of variation in French language use. “Meta-pragmatic awareness” is defined as knowledge of the social meaning of variable second language forms and awareness of the ways in which these forms mark different aspects of social contexts, and is therefore “a crucial force behind the meaning-generating capacity of language in use” (Verschueren, 2000: 439). For this paper, we take as a test case for the study of this phenomenon the learners’ awareness and use of address forms, or the “T/V system” in French (Brown &amp; Gilman, 1960). The “T/V system” (tu versus vous in French) is a key component of sociolinguistic competence in European languages, presenting a complex, dynamic, and inherently ambiguous matter of social indexicality, a case where knowledge of language form necessarily intersects with broader awareness of socio-cultural norms and personal identities (Morford, 1997; Mühlh.usler &amp; Harré, 1990). The differential use of these pronouns offers a significant communicative resource conveying a range of meanings about the relationship between interlocutors, the context of the interaction, and the standing of the interactants in the wider social order.

The presence of two forms of the future and conditional paradigms in Old Spanish is well-attested. The analytic form, which was marked by a mesoclitic, was more syntactically restricted, while the synthetic form, which surfaced with either a proclitic or an enclitic, was essentially free to appear in any syntactic context. It is notable that the analytic form was only acceptable in contexts in which finite verbs obligatorily hosted enclitics. In this article, I test various morphosyntactic factors to determine the level of variation among the analytic and synthetic future and conditional forms across six centuries of Old Spanish. The factors of verb tense, preverbal constituent, and verb stem morphology significantly affect the emergence of mesoclisis or enclisis, as does the century during which the verb is produced; however, subject expression is not a significant factor.

Language is a human trait associated with a particular community or ethnicity; there are a range of languages that represent their existence. On the other hand, the diversity of language shows aspects of their communication. Language also reflects in social construction when humans communicate to each other. In other words, language is used in social class, social status, and educational background that are called social dialect; a variety of languages that reflect social variation in language use, according to certain factors related to the social group of the speaker such as education, occupation, income level, etc. In this research, the characters’ speech in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847) is examined, in particular by dealing with spelling, grammar and lexis to explain what role speech plays in the character construction. The findings of this work indicate that this author of the Victorian literature used speech to both individualize characters and to bind them to a certain groups, which can mostly be defined by social status; a unique type of speech is provided to each main personality to denote his or her social status. A list of references is shared at the end.

The study aims to identify the modal potential of synthetic and analytical forms of the future tense in German and Russian. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the paper provides insight into the question of the functional equivalence of synthetic and analytical forms of the future tense. As a result, it has been shown that along with the future tense semantics, synthetic and analytical forms are able to convey modal complementary meanings under certain conditions. The peculiarity of the Russian language is that perfective verbs (Future Simple) can express core and non-core modal meanings. The inferential evidentiality as an additional complementary meaning is characteristic only of the analytical form Futur I in German and cannot be conveyed by the futural form Präsens. In German, synthetic forms express an alethic meaning if predicates in sentences of this type presuppose information already known to the interlocutor. Volitive and deontic meanings in German can be conveyed in sentences containing the Präsens form if there is an indication of the need to carry out an action in the context. The phenomenon of functional asymmetry is traced in the system of the future tense in German and Russian: the German analytical form Futur I can be considered the equivalent of the synthetic form capable of conveying evidential meanings (Future Simple) in the Russian language.

The romance future and conditional tenses are the result of the grammaticalization of Latin periphrasis, mainly cantāre habeō. In some medieval Romance languages, including Catalan, two types of forms existed: synthetic forms (faré ‘I will do’) and analytical forms (fer-lo he ‘I will do it’). Analytical forms do not present univerbation and are thus less grammaticalized than synthetic forms. The present work aims to study the distribution of synthetic and analytical forms diachronically. A diachronic corpus (11th c.–16th c.) was compiled to serve this purpose. According to the syntactic restrictions of clitic placement, analytical forms could appear in the same syntactic environments than synthetic forms with postverbal pronouns (faré-lo ‘I will do it’). Therefore, only those contexts are analysed to assess the degree of grammaticalization. Some recent works point out that the grammaticalization of future and conditional was more advanced in the eastern languages of the Iberian Peninsula, such as Catalan, than in the western ones. The results from our corpus confirm these differences. In addition, the data show another grammaticalization process: the evolution of clitic placement towards a fixed preverbal position.

In Indonesia secondary school, students are equipped with any English subject to arrange their own writing. In this case, writing is the one of difficult English skill for students. Because of that, to increase students writing skill teacher need a certain method in teaching writing. Based on student’s ability in writing that also suitable with their grades, they were difficult to arrange the sentence to be good paragraph. To solve these problem several teachers had applied a method that called scramble sentence method. This study used qualitative research method with concept analysis method or library research. The data of this study came from eight articles related about scramble method to secondary student’s writing skill. Data had analyzed from reading, reviewing, supporting and contra journal article and concluding. As the result, according to eight articles, the researcher found that scramble method was effective to increased student’s writing skill. Based on the implementation of each articles, scramble method helped students to write. It proven by the improvement of several writing aspects, such as topic sentence, supporting sentence, coherence, organization, generic structures, grammar, vocabulary, content, discourse, syntax, mechanic and language use. From the analysis, the research question of this study had answered.&#x0D; Keyword : Scramble method, writing, library research