Abstract
Repair and restoration is an important step in remanufacturing as it ensures end-of-life products are returned to as-new condition before entering the subsequent life cycle. Currently, such processes are carried out manually by skilled workers. The advent of additive manufacturing (AM) has encouraged researchers to investigate its potential in automated repair and restoration, thus rendering it as a more effective method for remanufacturing. However, the application of this widespread technology for repair and restoration in remanufacturing is still new. This paper provides an overview of the principles and capabilities offered by the existing metal AM technology for object repair and restoration namely, direct energy deposition, powder bed fusion, and cold spray technology. Their applications in the repair and restoration of remanufacturable components are presented and discussed along with issues requiring attention from the perspectives of object design and process systems capabilities. The study provides a compilation of the challenges in AM repair and restoration, which primarily lie in the aspects of geometrical complexity, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, material compatibility, and pre-processing requirements since it is critical for remanufacturing to restore end-of-life components to as new-condition. The paper concludes with suggestions for further works in AM restoration to enable product life cycle extension in the circular economy.
Highlights
Since 1965, an increment of 65% has been recorded in the number of raw materials used worldwide.Such prevalence is attributable to manufacturing process activities, which have led to material depletion, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution [1,2]
The previous phase dictated that the first information that would be displayed was the bibliographic data and the specifics of the restoration process
29 publications were classified as “to be studied”, which included papers for review and were based on content focused on the repair and restoration process using additive manufacturing (AM)
Summary
Since 1965, an increment of 65% has been recorded in the number of raw materials used worldwide. Such prevalence is attributable to manufacturing process activities, which have led to material depletion, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution [1,2]. To achieve the final goal, sustainable development aimed at minimizing the use of resources in product design and processes is crucial. Products will be environmentally-friendly and affordable [5,6] This will result in a diminished negative impact of a product throughout its useful life and its extended life cycle, which are the goals of sustainable product design and development [7,8]
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