Adaptation and Validation of the Social Entrepreneurial Intention Scale among Indonesian University Students

The concept of social entrepreneurship has gained popularity in Indonesia. However, there has been a lack of development in measuring individuals' readiness or interest in social entrepreneurship within the Indonesian context. Based on a literature review, there are no existing studies that have translated and adapted instruments to measure the antecedents of social entrepreneurship for students. One such instrument, the Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS), was originally developed to assess social entrepreneurial intentions. This study aims to adapt the scale, especially for students in tertiary institutions for 131 students. Following Beaton's theoretical framework, the research was conducted in six stages: translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, pre-testing, and assessment. The construct validity of the adapted scale was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis using JAMOVI, focusing on four aspects of social entrepreneurship: empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, and social support. The adapted scale, which consists of 14 items, has a reliability coefficient of 0.835. Item discrimination for these 14 items ranged from 0.207 to 0.684. Based on the adaptation process results, this sociopreneurship scale is valid for measuring social entrepreneurial intentions and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions aimed at fostering such intentions. Keyword: Scale adaptation; social entrepreneurship; sociopreneur; students.

Objective. To adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the SCHFI v 6.2. Methods. With the approval of the original author, we conducted a complete cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument (translation, synthesis, back translation, synthesis of back translation, expert committee review, and pretesting). The adapted version was named Brazilian version of the self-care of heart failure index v 6.2. The psychometric properties assessed were face validity and content validity (by expert committee review), construct validity (convergent validity and confirmatory factor analysis), and reliability. Results. Face validity and content validity were indicative of semantic, idiomatic, experimental, and conceptual equivalence. Convergent validity was demonstrated by a significant though moderate correlation (r = −0.51) on comparison with equivalent question scores of the previously validated Brazilian European heart failure self-care behavior scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original three-factor model as having the best fit, although similar results were obtained for inadequate fit indices. The reliability of the instrument, as expressed by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.40, 0.82, and 0.93 for the self-care maintenance, self-care management, and self-care confidence scales, respectively. Conclusion. The SCHFI v 6.2 was successfully adapted for use in Brazil. Nevertheless, further studies should be carried out to improve its psychometric properties.

The Nottingham Clavicle Score (NCS) is a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that addresses injuries to the clavicle, acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) and sternoclavicular joint. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the original NCS to Danish, providing a basis for future validation and clinical use in Denmark. The translation process followed best-practice guidelines from the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. It was conducted using the cross-cultural adaptation guidelines described by Beaton. Two independent translators and an expert committee performed the translation from English into Danish. The final NCS translation was presented to Danish patients undergoing treatment for a clavicle fracture or an ACJ dislocation. The NCS was translated into Danish and cross-culturally adapted. The translation process included forward and backward translations, expert committee review and pilot testing by nine patients. The Danish version was well-understood by the target population, and only minimal adjustments were needed to achieve conceptual and linguistic equivalence. Patients reported that the questionnaire was relevant and comprehensible. The NCS has been translated and cross-culturally adapted to Danish. It was well-received by the target population, with patients finding it relevant and comprehensible. However, further validation is required to confirm its reliability and consistency in a Danish population. None. Not relevant.

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate how the social entrepreneurial intention antecedents directly and indirectly affect social entrepreneurial intent. The participants of the study were Filipino and Indonesian university students from selected higher education institutions (HEIs).Design/methodology/approachA quantitative research design was used and partial least square-structural equation modeling was used to measure the direct and indirect effects of the structural model.FindingsThe results revealed that prior experience with social problems positively and significantly affects empathy, moral obligation, social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived social support. Moreover, it was also found that social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived social support positively and significantly affect social entrepreneurial intent, and these two antecedents mediate the positive relationship between prior experience with social problems and social entrepreneurial intent.Research limitations/implicationsAs the present study only examined social entrepreneurial intentions among Filipino and Indonesian university students, other researchers may test the framework in another locale. Others may find interest in identifying the significant difference in social entrepreneurial intent among between or among nations.Practical implicationsThe findings of the present study can benefit HEIs in terms of offering social entrepreneurship programs and courses. The role of HEIs is truly important. Providing an avenue for students for them to be socially entrepreneurial and empowering them to be future social entrepreneurs can truly help in sustainably promoting social entrepreneurship. These can be done by designing relevant learning materials and requirements that will permit students to be social venture creators.Social implicationsBased on this study, if these students were exposed to social entrepreneurship activities during their university life (prior experience), then the propensity for them to be social venture creators in high. With the myriad problems in the Philippines and Indonesia, exposure to social problems is evident. Through proper inculcation of social entrepreneurial spirit, Filipino and Indonesian students will greatly create massive impact in the landscape of Asian social entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThe present study offers a new perspective on social entrepreneurial intentions, as it is in Asian setting. It also provides a viewpoint where only social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived social support positively affect social entrepreneurial intent and, at the same time, act as mediators between prior experience with social problem and social entrepreneurial intent. With these results, it enriches the theoretical foundations of social entrepreneurship.

Enhancing the cross-cultural adaptation and validation process: linguistic and psychometric testing of the Brazilian–Portuguese version of a self-report measure for dry eye

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming health care by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, optimizing clinical workflows, and supporting decision-making across all health disciplines. As AI-driven tools are progressively introduced into health systems, educating future professionals about AI has become a critical priority to ensure safe, ethical, and effective use. Although several validated English-language questionnaires exist to assess medical students' perceptions and readiness on AI in medicine, no French-language equivalents are currently available, which limits their use in francophone settings and hampers international comparisons. To bridge this gap and enable comparable, evidence-based assessment of AI perceptions among French health care students, rigorous cross-cultural adaptation of validated instruments is essential. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and linguistically validate 5 established English-language questionnaires assessing medical students' perceptions of AI in medicine to produce French versions suitable for subsequent psychometric validation and use across health care training programs. We followed international guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures, combining independent forward translations, reconciliation, backward translation, expert committee review, and cognitive debriefing. Two bilingual translators first produced independent French versions of each questionnaire, which were reconciled into a single draft. A third bilingual translator, blinded to the original instruments, then performed backward translation into English. An expert panel reviewed all versions to ensure conceptual equivalence and to adapt items for applicability across health professions. Finally, cognitive testing was conducted with 38 French health care students (in medicine, pharmacy, adapted physical activity and health, nursing, and midwifery) to assess clarity, comprehensibility, and acceptability with iterative revisions made until consensus was reached. During forward translation, wording discrepancies were observed for 73.6% (148/201) of expressions, but only 1.0% (2/201) of items required resolution due to meaning differences. In the backward translation step, 97.0% (195/201) of expressions were judged to be conceptually equivalent to the originals; the remaining 3.0% (6/201) of expressions were revised after discussion. Cognitive debriefing with students led to minor wording modifications in 26.4% (53/201) of expressions to improve clarity and readability without altering the underlying concepts. We produced French-language versions of 5 widely used questionnaires assessing health care students' perceptions of AI in medicine, following a rigorous cross-cultural translation, adaptation, and linguistic validation process. These instruments preserve conceptual equivalence with their English originals and provide standardized tools to document AI-related knowledge, attitudes, and intentions among French-speaking health care students. This work lays the groundwork for subsequent psychometric studies of these French-language versions of questionnaires used in diverse health care training programs.

Purpose This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Arabic version of the Assessment Life Habits (LIFE-H 3.1) scale for patients with stroke, providing a comprehensive tool for assessing life habits and social participation in Arabic-speaking populations. Methods The translation process followed established guidelines, including forward and backward translation, expert committee review, and pilot testing with 31 stroke patients to ensure semantic and cultural equivalence. Psychometric testing was conducted with 102 patients with stroke to evaluate the scale’s reliability and validity. Results The Arabic LIFE-H 3.1 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.97), strong test-retest reliability (ICC ≥ 0.87), and minimal measurement error. It also exhibited strong face, content, and construct validity, with significant correlations observed with established measures such as the Barthel Index, Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale, and Short-Form Health Survey. No significant floor or ceiling effects were observed, confirming the scale’s ability to differentiate between participation levels. Conclusion The Arabic LIFE-H 3.1 is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating daily activities and social roles in stroke rehabilitation, making it suitable for clinical and research applications in Arabic-speaking communities.

Cross-cultural translation, adaptation and validation of the Burnt Hand Outcome Tool (BHOT) from English to French Canadian

Background and ObjectiveThe Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)–English is a valid and reliable instrument for disability measurement in low back pain (LBP) patients. There is no existing ODI–Ilokano that evaluates LBP patients. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the ODI–English into Ilokano.MethodsThe ODI–English was cross-culturally adapted into Ilokano through a process that included forward translation, synthesis of the translations, back translation, expert committee review, and testing of the pre-final version.ResultsForward translation focused on capturing the essence of terms related to pain intensity, personal care, and daily activities, achieving consensus on phrases that accurately mirrored the original English meanings. Subsequent synthesis refined these translations, emphasizing idiomatic and conceptual equivalence over literal interpretations, particularly in nuanced areas like sleep disturbance and social life activities. Backward translation processes aligned Ilokano and English terms, especially for pain intensity and personal care, ensuring consistency across languages. The expert committee review addressed spelling, word choice, and sentence structure, making strategic adjustments for cultural relevance. Pilot testing with participants from Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Philippines highlighted comprehension challenges with specific terms, leading to adaptations like replacing 'milya' and 'yarda' with metric units and retaining culturally sensitive terms with supplementary English explanations.ConclusionThis study refined the ODI–English into a culturally adapted Ilokano version, focusing on semantic, idiomatic, and cultural equivalence. Incorporating pilot testing feedback, such as modifying measurement units and addressing sensitive terms, highlighted the thorough adaptation process. The collaborative translation efforts and diverse patient input ensured a culturally resonant ODI version for Ilokano speakers. This adaptation enhances physical therapy practices by improving patient assessments and advocates for adapting patient-reported outcomes to diverse cultures, advancing patient-centered care.

BackgroundThe Stay Independent Brochure (SIB) is part of the CDC’s STEADI initiative and is a fall risk screening self-report tool. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Arabic version of the SIB (AR-SIB) and evaluate its psychometric properties among community-dwelling older adults.MethodsThe translation and cross-cultural adaptation process followed standard guidelines, including forward and backward translation, expert committee review, and pretesting to ensure semantic and conceptual equivalence, clarity, and cultural relevance of the Arabic version of the SIB. Internal consistency was assessed using the Kuder-Richardson formula (KR-20), and test–retest reliability was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1). Convergent validity of the AR-SIB was evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (rs) with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and point-biserial correlation coefficients (rpb) with the three key questions. Floor and ceiling effects and the operating characteristic (ROC) curve were also calculated.ResultsA total of 104 community-dwelling older adults participated in the study. The majority of participants were female (52.9%) and had a mean age of 63.77 ± 4.74 years. The AR-SIB demonstrated good internal consistency with an overall KR-20 of 0.73 and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.96). The AR-SIB showed moderate correlations with the TUG (rs = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.64) and the BBS (rs = -0.56, 95% CI: -0.69 to -0.41), and a high correlation with the three key questions (rpb = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.82). No floor or ceiling effects were observed. The cutoff point of the AR-SIB was determined to be 4.5.ConclusionsThe AR-SIB is a reliable and valid tool to discriminate falls and screen for fall risk among Arabic-speaking community-dwelling older adults. The AR-SIB can facilitate the implementation of evidence-based fall prevention initiatives tailored to Arabic-speaking older adults.

Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Device-aided therapy (DAT) has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of PD, highlighting the importance of assessing the quality of life in patients undergoing such interventions. The objective of this study was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and evaluate the content validity of the Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire for Patients on Device-Aided Therapy (PDQ-DAT) for Brazilian Portuguese. Method: This methodological study was conducted at the Medical Specialties Center of Santa Casa in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, following international guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. The process included the following steps: initial translation, synthesis of the translations, back-translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing. The pre-final version of the instrument was administered to a sample of thirty PD patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS). The content validity index (CVI) was assessed based on three criteria: clarity/comprehension, relevance/importance, and comprehensiveness. Results: The adapted version of the PDQ-DAT demonstrated satisfactory semantic, idiomatic, cultural, and conceptual equivalence. The participants (mean age: 62.7 ± 5.2 years) reported ease in understanding the items, indicating good acceptability of the instrument. All items of the PDQ-DAT-Br achieved a CVI greater than 0.9 across the three evaluated criteria, confirming excellent content validity. Conclusion: The PDQ-DAT-Br proved to be a valid and user-friendly tool for assessing the quality of life of individuals with PD undergoing DBS in the Brazilian context.

It is increasingly being realized that the ‘school climate’ is not always supportive, and in recent times a rapid innovation in digital communication has brought a significant threat to the wellbeing, safety, and development of adolescents. The Safe Communities Safe Schools (SCSS) Model, designed by the Center for Study and Prevention of Violence (CSPV) at the University of Colorado, U.S.A. has shown positive results in the global North. There is a need for equivalent interventions in the South where there are similar problems. This paper describes the process of cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the Indonesian version of an essential instrument in the SCSS Model: the Middle School Student Climate Survey. A mixed method approach was conducted. Linguistic adaptation was performed by researchers from Indonesia. The subsequent qualitative thematic adaptation was conducted with school teams from two selected middle schools in Banda Aceh who participated in focus group discussions to comment on the conceptual equivalence and wording of the instrument. The adapted instrument was analysed for content validity with 7 experts from different backgrounds. The instrument was pilot tested on 50 students in the selected schools. Researchers conducted reliability and factor analysis of the survey results to make additional modifications. The qualitative thematic adaptation resulted in contextual changes to the scales, designed to make the Indonesian version relevant to the local context but still comparable to the original English version. The CVI analysis resulted in excellent content validity of the instrument. The results of the pilot test for equivalence showed that 43 out of 56 scales had good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7). Additional revisions were made to the 13 scales with Cronbach’s alphas lower than 0.7. The findings show that the methods used were successful in developing an adapted version of the SCSS Student Climate Survey for the Indonesian context.

Background/Objectives: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral neuropathy, often impairing daily function and quality of life. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and assess the validity of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) in a Romanian cohort. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Romanian version of the BCTQ. A total of 190 participants were recruited, representing 380 wrists, including 130 patients with suspected or confirmed CTS and 60 healthy controls. The adaptation process followed international standards, with forward and backward translation, expert committee review, and pilot testing. Participants completed the Romanian BCTQ and performed standardized nerve conduction studies. The internal consistency and validity, including convergent and discriminant validity, exploratory factor analysis, and test-retest assessments, were performed. Results: The Romanian BCTQ exhibited exceptional internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.96), significant inter-item correlations, and robust factor loadings confirming a one-factor structure. Convergent validity was evidenced by strong correlations with electrodiagnostic measurements. The test-retest reliability was high, with intraclass correlation coefficients above 0,99. Conclusions: The Romanian adaptation of the BCTQ is a valid, reliable, and culturally appropriate patient-reported instrument to assess symptom severity and functional status in CTS, improving clinical decision-making and cross-cultural research.

IntroductionCommunication apprehension (CA) refers to an individual’s level of fear or anxiety toward either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24) is the most widely used measure of CA, even among healthcare students.ObjectiveThis study aimed to undertake a cross-cultural adaptation of this scale, translate it into Brazilian Portuguese, and examine its psychometric properties among healthcare students.MethodsThe translation and cross-cultural adaptation procedures were undertaken with the objective of establishing compatibility between the original and translated scales. The content validity of the scale was established based on the feedback of a multidisciplinary expert committee. Its psychometric properties were evaluated using a convenience sample of 616 healthcare students. Its construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Its internal consistency was examined by computing Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients. Its criterion validity was examined against the Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (ICCS).ResultsThe adapted scale demonstrated acceptable content validity. EFA showed that it was undergirded by one dimension, and this observation was confirmed by the results of CFA. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency. Its convergent validity was examined by conducting correlation analysis, and scores on the adapted PRCA-24 were negatively correlated with scores on the ICCS.ConclusionThe Brazilian version of the PRCA-24 has satisfactory psychometric properties and is, therefore, suitable for use with Brazilian healthcare students. It can be used to assess their communication needs for the purpose of designing tailored training programs.

PurposeLittle previous research has investigated the determinants of social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) in the context of Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this study is to advance a research model that examines the direct and indirect effects of prior experience with social problems via empathy, moral obligation, social self-efficacy and perceived social support on SEI.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on data collected from a survey using questionnaires completed by 278 Saudis. To analyze data and test the developed hypotheses, an exploratory and a confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to investigate the factorial structural of the constructs, their reliability and validity. Then, goodness-of-fit statistics showed model fits of different alternative models. A hierarchical regression modeling was used to test the direct and indirect effects of main variables on SEI.FindingsResults show positive relationships between prior experience with social problems and SEI antecedents, on one hand, and between prior experience with social problems and SEI on the other hand. Notably, no significant relationships exist between moral obligation and SEI and social support and SEI. Additionally, only empathy and social self-efficacy mediated the relationship of prior experience with social problems to SEI.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the literature by showing how most of the SEI’s antecedents can play a mediating role between prior experience with social problems and SEI. The main limitation of this study is that it was not possible to generalize the findings. Future research perspectives were proposed to address this limitation and add new insights to the field considering the context of an emerging country.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to conduct such an investigation in the Saudi context. It validates the scales of previous empirical models on SEI and partially replicates their results.