Abstract
Ambient air pollution is recognized as a key risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality contributing to the global disease burden. The use of renewable diesel fuels, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), have increased in recent years and its impact on human health are not completely known. The present study investigated changes in cardiovascular tone in response to exposure to diluted HVO exhaust. The study participants, 19 healthy volunteers, were exposed in a chamber on four separate occasions for 3 h and in a randomized order to: (1) HVO exhaust from a wheel loader without exhaust aftertreatment, (2) HVO exhaust from a wheel loader with an aftertreatment system, (3) clean air enriched with dry NaCl salt particles, and (4) clean air. Synchronized electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals were recorded throughout the exposure sessions. Pulse decomposition analysis (PDA) was applied to characterize PPG pulse morphology, and heart rate variability (HRV) indexes as well as pulse transit time (PTT) indexes were computed. Relative changes of PDA features, HRV features and PTT features at 1, 2, and 3 h after onset of the exposure was obtained for each participant and exposure session. The PDA index A13, reflecting vascular compliance, increased significantly in both HVO exposure sessions but not in the clean air or NaCl exposure sessions. However, the individual variation was large and the differences between exposure sessions were not statistically significant.
Highlights
Ambient air pollution is recognized as a key risk factor influencing the global disease burden (Landrigan et al, 2018)
The purpose of the present study is to investigate changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and vascular tone in response to diluted hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without exhaust particles in a controlled exposure chamber study
We analyze PPG pulse morphology, HRV, and pulse transit time (PTT) in synchronized ECG and PPG signals from 19 healthy volunteers in a randomized double-blinded cross-over study that compare four exposure scenarios; HVO exhaust from a wheel loader without exhaust aftertreatment, HVO exhaust from a wheel loader with an aftertreatment system, clean air, and clean air enriched with dry NaCl salt particles
Summary
Ambient air pollution is recognized as a key risk factor influencing the global disease burden (Landrigan et al, 2018). Both long-term and short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Franklin et al, 2015). Exposure to PM air pollution correlates with subclinical pathologies underlying cardiovascular disease, including systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and arrhythmia (Hamanaka and Mutlu, 2018). The biological mechanisms behind PM-induced cardiovascular disease are not completely known. One of the suggested mechanisms is that inhaled PM acts on sensory receptors in the lung, promoting activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in increased sympathetic activity in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (Hamanaka and Mutlu, 2018).
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