Abstract
This chapter focuses on the isogenic tumors grafted into hosts with identical histocompatibility antigens, or autologous tumors, either induced by carcinogens or those occurring spontaneously. First clinical trial of immunotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia was made in 1964. Specific active immunotherapy is defined as the stimulation of immune reactions directed against tumor-associated antigens; nonspecific active immunotherapy is the general stimulation of the host's immune reactions by “adjuvants” of immunity. Immunotherapy is applicable to man currently, while the knowledge of tumor associated antigens in man is far too small to warrant any attempts at tumor prevention. One of the main reasons for the paucity of experiments on specific immunization after grafting or inducing a tumor can be found by analogy between cancers and infections, against which immunotherapy is no longer used in a curative role. Although for a long time active immunization or immunostimulation has been thought of a procedure for the prevention of cancer, its use in the therapy of an established tumor, or active immunotherapy, has sustained a lively interest during the past years. Experimental studies of the effects of active immunotherapy applied after the establishment of a malignant growth are increasing and the clinical trials are arousing great interest.
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