Activating private intermediaries to improve technology adoption and market outcomes: evidence from Honduras

This study was aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of coffee value chain in Melka-ballo woreda of Oromia Region with specific objectives of identifying actors in the coffee value chain and describing their roles; examining the linkages between cooperatives and other actors in the coffee value chain; and analyzing determining factors affecting coffee cooperatives in creating effective value chain. The study was conducted on three primary coffee cooperatives by selecting 291 member respondents by using multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics like percentage and frequency, three level likert scale and binary logistic regression. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that in the study area there are two types of actors namely, direct/primary and indirect/supportive actors and most of them perform more than one role in the value chain. The result also indicated that there are five types of linkages between actors namely; Horizontal linkage, Vertical linkage, Technical Support Linkage, Business linkage and Marketing Linkage. The opinion of the respondents showed that the linkage among actors in the coffee value chain was weak. Moreover, the result of binary logistic regression revealed that corruption, Training, and management capacity has statistically significant partial effect on the effectiveness of coffee cooperatives in coffee value chain at p-value less than 0.01 whereas access to credit, technology and proximity to cooperatives has statistically significant partial effect on the effectiveness of cooperatives in coffee value chain at p-value less than 0.05. Accordingly, access to credit, training and management capacity has statistically significant positive effect on the effectiveness coffee cooperatives in coffee value chain whereas corruption, technology and proximity to cooperative society has statistically significant negative effect on dependent variable “effectiveness of coffee value chain”. It was recommended that greater attention should be given by all stakeholders and actors in the coffee value chain to design strategies on how to smooth their relationship and avoid any bottlenecks such as corruption, inefficient management and poor quality training and designing simple and cheap technology. Sufficient and interest free credit facilities should be available in a timely manner to cooperative members and strategies should be designed to link microfinance with the cooperatives. Keywords: Coffee cooperative, Ethiopia, Effectiveness, Linkage, Value chain DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-7-02 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Ethiopian coffee production and its productivity level are unsatisfactory to uphold the country’s comparative advantage. The study intends to examine possible reasons for low productive performance of coffee using cross sectional data gathered from Amaro Woreda and gathered data from 366 households by simple random sampling techniques. The study attempted to analyze different factors that hinder coffee value chains in the study area. Accordingly to the finding various factors that have approximately similar influence on coffee value chains. The study used 13 continuous variables from which all are highly statistically significant at 99% confidence interval and 19 discrete variables those are highly statistically significant at 99% confidence interval under descriptive statistic. The econometric model used for this study is MLR model and its result raveled on coffee value chains factors was also identified. The study included 13 continuous variables in the model from these about 6 variables are highly statistically significant at 95% and 99% confidence interval such as Distance from home of farmers, Average Number of coffee trees, Price of coffee in total Ethiopian Birr, Number of livestock in Tropical livestock Unit, Extension contact and family size have statistically significant that affecting coffee value chains of households. Family size and extension contact are factors negatively affecting coffee value chains while the remaining 4 variables enhance coffee value chains positively. About 4.43% of the variation in coffee value chains is explained by continuous variables in OLS technique but many factors were in discrete variables. There are many post-estimation tests used to check the satisfaction of the basic assumptions of multiple linear regression models. Based on the finding of the study, government and other related stockholders should target at development of rural infrastructure, work diversification cultures, empowering extension contacts for rural farmers, and family plans to improve both production and marketing of Coffee through awareness creation by training, follow up and creating the market linkages for participant in coffee production and marketing in Amaro Woreda. Keywords: Amaro, Coffee, production, Value Chain and MLR model. DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-11-04 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

This paper explores inclusive business practices by focusing on the relationship between investments for-profit and social impact for small-scale farmers. Value chain mapping was used and combined with business model canvas to enable fact-finding and linkage between profit-taking action and social impact in the coffee value chain. The study was performed in two regions: East Java and North Sumatra. The study interviewed 72 farmers from Bondowoso District, East Java, and 30 farmers from Mandailing Natal District, North Sumatra. The qualitative analysis revealed the role of local organization networks in supporting the extension and improving performance in value chain governance. The organization networks supported social issues and provided access to diverse resources and environments for companies to build commitments. Furthermore, the business model canvas modeled value propositions that were practically tackling the dimensions of profit and social impact to the organization's context. The coffee value chains in both regions were differ based on key features and elements of small farmers' inclusion in the coffee value chain. The findings show that the coffee business model in Mandailing Natal encouraged smallholder farmer inclusion better than in Bondowoso. Therefore, the study implies that a shifting from profit into social initiatives in inclusive business is needed. This study provides practical evidence of business model canvas in the coffee value chain cases, showing how to develop a mission social innovation in a profit organization. Keywords: inclusive business models, business model canvas, value chain, coffee

This study analyses profitability with respect to value added in the coffee value chain in the North West Region of Cameroon. As objective, this study examined the economic relations at different stages of the coffee value chain. Thus, the study analysed the prices, costs, margins and profit sharing at different stages in the coffee value chain in the North West Region of Cameroon. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 respondents from two divisions (Mezam and Bui) who formed the study sample. Analysis employed the Cost–Return and Benefit–Cost technique to measure profitability at selected stages (coffee producers/farmers, coffee processors, coffee exporters and coffee retailers) in the value chain. Results showed that the cost of production of dry parchment, green bean, powder coffee and brewed coffee was Franc Financial Community of Africa - FCFA103,027/ha, FCFA 2,933.7/kg, FCFA 1,043.12/kg and FCFA 7,335/kg respectively with Net Profits of FCFA 15,192, CFA 1,566.3, FCFA 528.88 and FCFA 4,665 respectively. Furthermore, Benefit-Cost ratio analysis revealed that the coffee value chain is a profitable sector with Benefit-Cost values of 1.1, 1.5, 1.5 and 1.6 respectively for coffee producers/farmers, coffee processors, coffee exporters and coffee retailers. Though profitable, the study uncovered that coffee producer who apparently at the beginning of the value chain doing most of the job received the least benefit when compared with other actors. This study provided evidence that retailers were most benefited in the value chain compared to coffee producers, processors and coffee exporters. The study recommends that for a profitable coffee business within the study area, the government, coffee cooperatives and all the actors along the value chain should work in close collaboration.

Smallholder farmers in developing countries like Ethiopia need to improve their position for agricultural products like coffee in order to improve productivity and profitability through innovations within the chains. The study was conducted to analyze the coffee value chain in Sidama Zone of SNNPRS. Both primary and secondary data were used. Descriptive statistics, value chain mapping and econometric methods were employed to analyze the data. Proportional stratified random sampling techniques for farmers and random sampling techniques for traders were used. To analyze the collected data the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used. The result of value added activities among the major value chain actors showed that all actors involved in the coffee value chain were adding value to the product; processors were the dominant in adding value (47.58%). In addition, the study also disclosed that six value chain actors: Farmers, Collectors, Wholesalers, Retailers, Processors and Consumers were identified. Result from econometric analysis indicates that four variables are significantly affecting value chain and education has a positive and significant effect with value of beta = 0.573 whereas age of plantation has negative (-0.025). The findings also indicated that farmers faced with production, marketing and transportation problems among which poor disease control, low irrigation facility, low supply of coffee seed, low price of coffee, price fluctuations, brokers interference, shortage of truck and high transportation cost. Therefore, the findings of the study underscore strengthening extension service, sharing experience among farmers, increase production and productivity and strengthening input supply, increase the proportion of coffee selling at significant premiums, timely updated and sustainable market information services, coffee quality improvement, solving existing problems of hulling machine, and cooperatives expansion as important policy issues to improve coffee value chain in the study area. Keywords: Coffee, Sidama Zone, Value Chain Mapping, Value chain Analysis DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/112-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

The progress of the coffee trend globally is one of the options for developing SMEs in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The third-wave generation of specialty coffee is growing with a large selection of artisanal coffee drinks, empowering the latest generation to follow the coffee industry's value chain through coffee skills and sustainability. Sustainability in the coffee value chain will be connected to the three-bottom legs that make it sustainable in the social economy and environment. Eastern Province has the potential to become a coffee hub in tackling challenges in the coffee value chain. Still, stakeholder empowerment is needed for coffeeprenuers in Eastern Province to make coffee value chains resilient collaboratively. Creative process strategies are required to investigate the advancement in ideas and innovations. This qualitative descriptive study will help the catch in opening the eyes of the global coffee community and especially in Saudi Arabia, in seeing the opportunity for the coffee value chain in the region.

The coffee value chain is lengthy and complex with numerous actors and this exposes the farmers to inherent financial risks. This study sought to decompose the coffee value chain and its dynamics. The study was undertaken in Embu and Kirinyaga counties in Central Kenya and the target population was smallholder coffee farmers. The study used multistage stratified sampling techniques to draw a sample of 385 respondents. Majority (97%) of the sampled farmers were processing and marketing their coffee through cooperative societies. Socioeconomic analysis of these farmers showed that majority were middle‐aged, fairly educated and with adequate coffee farming experience but their cherry production was very low averaging 2.3 kgs per tree for 2022/2023 crop year. The cooperative societies were playing key roles in the coffee value chain including farmers’ training, input and credit provision, coffee processing and marketing. There were numerous coffee marketing challenges, including high middlemen involvement, which lowered the coffee prices and reduced the trade volumes. Value adding activities such as roasting, grinding, and packaging were rare and farmers’ involvement in the upstream value chain was minimal. The local demand for the produced coffee was very low with domestic consumption taking only 2% of the output. The multilevel mixed effect model results revealed that value adding and farmer involvement were found to have a significant positive influence on the traded volumes and coffee prices while middlemen involvement had a negative influence. There is need for enhanced value adding and farmers involvement in the upstream value chain as well as strengthening the cooperative societies’ role in coffee marketing for more accountability and increased incomes.

As one of the Indonesia's strategic commodities and a key commodity for global trade, coffee continues to be an interesting and growing topic for research. This study aims to identify the development of literature and scientific mapping in coffee value chain studies and its implications for future coffee value chain research in Indonesia. This study uses secondary data in the form of journal articles related to the agrifood value chain in coffee commodities as many as 264 documents obtained from the Scopus database per March 2025. The data were analyzed using bibliometric and content analysis. The results showed that coffee value chain research topics were divided into five clusters: (1) global value chain and certification, (2) coffee farmers and value addition, (3) social and gender issues in coffee farming, (4) arabica coffee and environmental sustainability, and (5) fair trade and circular economy in coffee. The results also show that the current trend of coffee value chain research is developing towards a more holistic coffee value chain development that includes economic, social, and environmental dimensions and is multidisciplinary. The results provide insights into research gaps in the Indonesian context and offer new research opportunities and areas for future coffee value chain.

This chapter presents concepts and tools around the life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint (CFP) with their applications to the coffee value chain. Coffee is characterised by a particularly complex value chain with multiple actors involved along every step, from production to consumers. This chapter explains the concepts of life cycle analysis and the coffee value chain, and describes in detail how carbon footprint performances can be used to upgrade coffee value chains. The chapter includes a case study on use of the EX-ACT value chain tool in Haiti.

Gender is the socially and culturally constructed differences associated with being a man or a woman. For providing the opportunity of substantial economic and income growth in a country, the growing integration of gender issues in a value chain has part. The objective of this study was to analyse intra-household gender roles and empowerment of men and women with in the household and suggesting strategies for addressing gender based constraints of farmers in a coffee value chain. Two-stage stratified and random sampling procedures were employed; and a total of 120 male headed smallholder farmers (where both men and women are present together) from six kebeles were used for intra-household gender analysis. Data were collected from both secondary and primary sources through semi-structured questionnaire, checklists, and focus group discussion. Descriptive gender analysis by Moser gender framework was used to analyse data. The result of gender analysis revealed that women’s and men’s role for coffee business in a household was divided by task. Women undertaken mostly the processing, seedling rising and unpaid community activities as an extension of their reproductive role and are normally unpaid and carried out in their free time. On the other hand, men tend to be associated more with production and marketing roles than in postharvest handling and processing activities. However, it is examined that unlike women’s overall participation in a value chain was highly acknowledged, they still tend to be confined to a relatively less access to and control over resources and benefits earned from coffee business. Therefore, gender inclusive value chain strategies paying attention on women’s empowerment and ensuring gender equality leaving women no worse off were recommended.

The present study conducted a value chain assessment to estimate the cost incurred at each stage of the value chain, along with the margins made and the price realized, for pure Arabica and 80:20 Arabica coffee: chicory blend in Chikkamagaluru and Hassan districts of Karnataka. Descriptive statistics, value chain framework, price spread analysis were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that the highest value addition took place at curers and roasters level (downstream actors) and accordingly margins made by these down steam actors were higher than the coffee growers (upstream actors). It was observed that coffee value chains in Chikkamagaluru and Hassan districts are fragmented and largely uncoordinated, with lack of innovative upgrading strategies among the majority of small coffee growers due to lack of capital. This suggest that formation of Farmer Producers Organizations would enable the small coffee growers to take up value addition activities through infrastructure sharing thereby higher value realization through economies of scale. Likewise, it is critical to bring efficiencies and transparency in buying and selling activities across the coffee value chain by implementing blockchain based marketplace.

Coffee is a major agricultural export product that generates foreign currency for Lao PDR. While several studies have been conducted on coffee in Lao PDR, none have focused on the value chain. This research seeks to fill that gap by analyzing the coffee value chain in Laos. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, such as interviews, value chain mapping, and value-added estimation, to examine the structure, roles, activities, and performance of the value chain actors. The study finds that coffee farmers have the highest value-added, but they are facing various issues of pests and disease, low productivity, and limited access to finance. Laos has a high export potential for coffee, especially to European markets, but also faces constraints such as limited market access, transportation costs, and non-tariff measures. The study provides recommendations for improving the coffee value chain in Laos, such as strengthening farmer groups and cooperatives, enhancing quality and certification standards, and diversifying markets and products.

Coffee is a bulging commercial crop ever growing up in Ethiopia to export for gaining comparative advantageous of price and income. It also plays a pivotal role to supporting livelihoods of most of the people particularly poor within the territory of the country. It is obvious that the farmers are facing numerous problems encountered with coffee value chain for marketing of their products in marketing channel. The main objective of this research is to analyzing the factors influencing coffee cooperatives effectiveness in coffee value chain of Ilubabor Zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Research is carried out with methodology of data analysis based on descriptive statistics and econometrics model. A logistic regression method is used to analysis the effectiveness of coffee cooperatives in coffee value chain and multi -collinearity regression analysis is employed to determine the correlation between explanatory variables. It is found that despite of inactiveness of cooperatives the coffee value chain is playing an important role to facilitating marketing of coffee in Ethiopia. The research is an important perspective to measuring emerging problems associated with value chain and its solutions with valuable recommendations.

This study aimed at analyzing gender role in coffee value chain in Jimma Zone with specific objectives of mapping gender sensitive coffee value chain and actor’s role; analyzing determinants of women participation in coffee marketing. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors were input suppliers, coffee producing farmers, collectors, suppliers, cooperatives/unions, exporters, domestic wholesalers, retailers and local consumers. Tobit models were used to analyze factors influencing intensity of women participation in coffee marketing. Factors determining quantity of coffee marketed by women were identified using Tobit model and; coffee area of the household, training and extension were among the significant factors that positively affected the intensity of women participation. Thus, targeting women in training and extension provision have paramount importance. Keywords : Gender, Value chain analysis, Tobit DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-31-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Digitalization, sustainability, and coffee. Opportunities and challenges for agricultural development