ACTION OF HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS ON METHANE, OXYGEN AND CARBON MONOXIDE

Process Intensification through Directly Coupled Autothermal Operation of Chemical Reactors

Currently, air conditions on earth are getting worse over time due to the impact of air pollution. One example of air pollution is motor vehicle exhaust emissions. Exhaust gas emissions are the result of combustion residue in motor vehicle engines that use fuel. Motor vehicle exhaust emissions contain carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide gas (CO2) which have a negative impact on the environment and living creatures. This research will create a motor vehicle exhaust emission detection device. In this design, an Arduino microcontroller was used and the manufacture of this tool used an MQ-7 gas sensor to detect carbon monoxide (CO) gas, an MQ-2 sensor to detect hydrocarbon gas (HC), and an MQ-135 to detect carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The emission test results will be sent to the application, this data includes plate number, vehicle type, vehicle brand, vehicle year and emission test results. The results of the carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensor calibration test taken from 5 data showed an error of 5.51%. The results of the hydrocarbon (HC) gas sensor calibration test taken from 5 data showed an error of 4.23%. The results of the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas sensor calibration test taken from 5 data showed an error of 1.06%. In the implementation of the tool and application, the test results were obtained for 15 vehicles. Where the highest hydrocarbon (HC) gas content value was 412 ppm, the highest carbon monoxide (CO) gas content value was 1.48%, and the highest carbon dioxide (CO2) gas content value was 21.4%.

Alcohol Production from Carbon Dioxide: Methanol as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock

We recently succeeded in resuscitating an extracted rat heart following 24–48 hours of preservation in a high-pressure gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2). This study aimed to examine the function of rat hearts transplanted after being preserved in the high-pressure CO and O2 gas mixture. The hearts of donor rats were preserved in a chamber filled with CO and O2 under high pressure for 24 h (CO24h) or 48 h at 4 °C. For the positive control (PC) group, hearts immediately extracted from donor rats were used for transplantation. The preserved hearts were transplanted into recipient rats by heterotopic cervical heart transplantation. CO toxicity does not affect the grafts or the recipients. Light microscopy and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed that there were no significant differences in the size of the myocardial infarction or apoptosis of myocardial cells in post-transplant hearts between the PC and CO24h groups. Furthermore, at 100 days after the transplantation, the heart rate, weight and histological staining of the post-transplanted hearts did not differ significantly between the PC and CO24h groups. These results indicate that the function of rat hearts is well preserved after 24 hours of high-pressure preservation in a CO and O2 gas mixture. Therefore, high-pressure preservation in a gas mixture can be a useful method for organ preservation.

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are extremely sensitive to environmental gases. However, detection of mixture gas is still a challenge. Here, we report that 10 ppm of carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3) can be electrically detected using a carboxylic acid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (C-SWCNT). CO and NH3 gases were mixed carefully with the same concentrations of 10 ppm. Our sensor showed faster response to the CO gas than the NH3 gas. The sensing properties and effect of carboxylic acid group were demonstrated, and C-SWCNT sensors with good repeatability and fast responses over a range of concentrations may be used as a simple and effective detection method of CO and NH3 mixture gas.

Methane hydrate exists in huge amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them, at low temperature and high pressure. Production methods are in development to produce the methane to a floating platform. There it can be reformed to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, in an endothermic process. Some of the methane can be burned to provide heat energy to develop all needed power on the platform and to support the reforming process. After separation, the hydrogen is the valuable and transportable product. All carbon dioxide produced on the platform can be separated from other gases and then sequestered in the sea as carbon dioxide hydrate. In this way, hydrogen is made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy.

Combined effect of carbon monoxide mixed with carbon dioxide in air on the mortality of stored-grain insects

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Infrared spectroscopic methods are the most common methods in the automotive industry for measuring carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) gases. Concentrations of both gases, which are emitted from the combustion of fuels, are required to be determined accurately in order to follow strict environmental regulations. Appropriate analytical techniques and accurate calibration gas mixtures are therefore critical for successful measurements. Regulatory documents such as the EPA’s Code of Federal Regulations 40 (CFR 40) part 1065.250, UN ECE-R83, and (EU) 2017/1151 recommend a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer to measure CO and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in raw or diluted exhaust gas samples. Over the last decade, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry has been validated and recommended in engine exhaust certification testing as well as in engine and vehicle development activities.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The variation in the isotopic ratio of <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C in natural atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> is in the range of ± 2‰ however, artificial or non-natural sources of CO or CO<sub>2</sub> can potentially have much larger variances. To fully understand the impacts of isotopic composition on the analyzers, the δ<sup>13</sup>C values used in this study were selected to cover a broad range of non-natural isotope ratios (very depleted and enriched). In the present work on both FTIRs and NDIRs, up to 4% deviation in analytical results were observed relative to the base case composition (-12‰ <sup>13</sup>CO) when the CO/N<sub>2</sub> gas mixture was enriched to 2630‰ with <sup>13</sup>C content. Analytical deviations measured on NDIR analyzers were more pronounced (4-14%) relative to the base case composition with the change of <sup>13</sup>C in the CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> mixture from -982‰ to 6783‰. Moreover, the error with FTIR measurements could rise up to a factor of 2 or more depending on the <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>12</sup>C band selection and their evaluation methods. Known isotopic gas mixtures and careful evaluation band selection in the FTIR method were observed to reduce the analytical errors. Even though calibration gases were prepared accurately for molecular concentrations, carbon isotopic concentrations far removed from natural abundance showed significant errors in the measurements. It is therefore essential to have either known or natural ratios of carbon isotope calibration gas mixtures for accurate emission measurements.</div></div>

Studies of the solid and gaseous products from laser pyrolysis of coal

Numerical model for the chemical adsorption of oxygen and reducing gas molecules in presence of humidity on the surface of semiconductor metal oxide for gas sensors applications

Restructured Beef Steaks Manufactured Using Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide Gas

A low cost production of hydrogen from carbonaceous wastes

Utilization of Fine coal gasified with CO2 (Carbon dioxide) gas to produce CO (Carbon Monoxide) fuel is one effort to utilize coal waste and utilize CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. Testing was carried out at the Sriwijaya University Laboratory in Palembang with the aim of analyzing the production process of CO gas as fuel by utilizing the greenhouse gas CO2 through the gasification of fine coal solid waste and knowing and analyzing the influence of temperature, reaction time and CO2 gas debid on the Boundouard reaction on gas yields. CO and CO2. So we get the variable that produces the expected CO gas. The initial stage is to prepare 2.3 kg of fine coal and the grain size has been filtered to a size of <3mm or or mesh 8 – 18 then heated to a temperature of 500˚C with a time of 68 minutes 48 seconds for the carbonization process. Fine coal that has been carbonized is then reacted with CO2 gas in a heating furnace at variable temperatures of 300 ˚C, 400 ˚C, 450 ˚C and 500˚C and at a flow rate of 2.5 L/min, 5 L/min, 7.5 L/min, 10 L/min, 15 L/min. From 26 test samples, it shows that the best variable for producing CO gas is heating at a temperature of 500˚C with a CO2 reactor gas discharge of 5 L/min which can produce CO gas with a concentration of 208,586 ppm and CO2 gas is 357,703 ppm with CO & CO2 ratio is 0.583.

In solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) carbon dioxide (CO2) is converted to carbon monoxide (CO). In the chemical industry CO is an important reactant to produce base chemicals such as acetic or formic acid or fine chemicals produced by carbonylation processes. CO is also used in the reduction of oxides to metals. Conventional processes for CO production are based on fossil resources such as coal or natural gas. CO2 electrolysis presents a sustainable method to utilize renewable energy for CO production and additionally transforms the greenhouse gas CO2 into a resource.Carbon dioxide is already used and investigated in the co-electrolysis process where it is converted alongside steam to produce syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. However, the analysis of pure CO2 electrolysis for CO production hasn’t been investigated in detail. Some studies report alternative materials or first degradation results. In this contribution the CO2 electrolysis is discussed in-depth from an electrochemical point of view. A detailed analysis by current-voltage characteristics (IV curves) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed on commercially available cells by Elcogen consisting of a Nickel/ 8 mol % Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia (8YSZ) cermet fuel electrode, a 8YSZ electrolyte, a Cerium Gadolinium Oxide barrier layer and a Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite air electrode. IV curves and EIS spectra were measured at varied CO2/CO ratios, temperatures, flow rates and current densities.The results show that with increasing CO2/CO ratio the total area specific resistance (ASR) increases at open circuit voltage and decreases under load (Figure 1). A similar decrease of resistance is seen for increasing flow rates. The main resistance contribution determined from impedance analysis comes from diffusion/concentration losses[1]. The analysis by impedance spectroscopy provides information on the underlying processes and is not only of relevance for understanding pure CO2 electrolysis but also for understanding the role of CO2 reduction during co-electrolysis. Figure caption: Figure 1: ASR, |i|1.4 V and OCV for varied CO2/CO ratios at 800 °C[1]. 1Two values are given due to a hysteresis. The first value represents the forward scan and the second value represents the backward scan of the IV curve. Literature [1] S. Foit, L. Dittrich, T. Duyster, I. Vinke, R.-A. Eichel, Haart, L. G. J. de, Processes 2020, 8, 1390. Figure 1

Steels used in coal gasification vessels and piping (externals) can be exposed to mixtures of hydrogen, water vapor (steam), hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other gases at temperatures and pressures up to 600°K and 10 MPa. Such mixtures, under certain operating conditions, can either enhance or inhibit crack growth in these steels. As a part of a program to identify thermodynamic conditions for this enhancement or inhibition, fatigue crack growth experiments have been carried out on a 2-1/4Cr-1 Mo (ASTM A542, Class 2) steel in hydrogen, water vapor, and hydrogen sulfide at low pressures (below 133 kPa). The results indicate considerable enhancement of fatigue crack growth by some of these environments and also indicate that the apparent immunity of this material to stress corrosion cracking does not imply the same immunity to corrosion fatigue. The results will be discussed in terms of the influences of temperature, gas pressure and loading variables, and will be interpreted in terms of chemical reaction kinetics.