Actinomycin D Induces Histone γ-H2AX Foci and Complex Formation of γ-H2AX with Ku70 and Nuclear DNA Helicase II

Abstract

Formation of gamma-H2AX foci is a P. O.cellular response to genotoxic stress, such as DNA double strand breaks or stalled replication forks. Here we show that gamma-H2AX foci were also formed when cells were incubated with 0.5 microg/ml DNA intercalating agent actinomycin D. In untreated cells, gamma-H2AX co-immunoprecipitated with Ku70, a subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase, as well as with nuclear DNA helicase II (NDH II), a DEXH family helicase also known as RNA helicase A or DHX9. This association was increased manifold after actinomycin D treatment. DNA degradation diminished the amount of Ku70 associated with gamma-H2AX but not that of NDH II. In vitro binding studies with recombinant NDH II and H2AX phosphorylated by DNA-dependent protein kinase confirmed a direct physical interaction between NDH II and gamma-H2AX. Thereby, the NDH II DEXH domain alone, i.e. its catalytic core, was able to support binding to gamma-H2AX. Congruently, after actinomycin D treatment, NDH II accumulated in RNA-containing nuclear bodies that predominantly co-localized with gamma-H2AX foci. Taken together, these results suggest that histone gamma-H2AX promotes binding of NDH II to transcriptionally stalled sites on chromosomal DNA.