Acordo de céus abertos entre EUA e União Européia: uma visão geral

When one addresses the issue of open skies and the competitive aspects of the practice, the agreement between the United States and the European Union presents itself as the best example. Before the US/EU Open Skies Agreement was finalized and adopted carriers of both parties were circumscribed by stringent market restrictions that distorted competition between carriers of the United States and European countries. The European carriers themselves had to contend with the fact that they could fly directly to the United States only from their own country, which limited competition on transatlantic routes and within the European Union. Furthermore, EU carriers from Open Skies countries could not merge with those from non-Open Skies countries without losing US traffic rights, which thwarts integration and liberalisation of the internal EU market, further limiting competition. Mergers of US and EU carriers were prohibited altogether, which put many of the benefits of globalisation out of reach.

The United States approach to protect newly developed plant varieties has fed a booming agribusiness industry, but the United States differs from many other parts of the world in terms of its views on patenting plants and public attitudes regarding genetically modified foods. This article reviews the relevant forms of intellectual property protection available to plant breeders in the United States, which includes the Plant Protection Act, the Plant Variety Protection Act, and utility patents under the Patent Act. These forms of protection are compared with the standard conventions available in Europe. Two brief discussions follow. First, the role of public attitudes in acceptance of genetically modified crops is reviewed. This is followed by a brief overview of the ethical and legal context related to bioprospecting. Key Concepts: The United States plant breeders have three forms of intellectual property protection available for use: PVPA, PPA and utility patents. The United States and European patent systems have been aligned to allow for more uniform international enforcement of patents. Bioprospecting has the potential to uncover powerful new discoveries, but ownership rules must be interpreted for both equity and efficiency concerns. The United States and European consumers generally have differing opinions of the safety of genetically engineered crops.

The United States and European Union have pursued markedly different paths in the development of policies toward genetically modified foods and crops. In considering the sources of these policy differences, this article explores the influence of federal arrangements on agricultural biotechnology policy. Two dimensions of federalism shape policy: an administrative component that shapes the distribution of regulatory authority across multiple levels of government, and a representative component that influences the degree to which constituent units have a formal voice in policy decisions taken at the federal level. This representative component most clearly distinguishes policymaking in the United States and European Union, and contributed to the distinct styles of decision-making in biotechnology on either side of the Atlantic.

This article provides an analysis of the United States and European laws surrounding the protection of investors in the midstream/downstream energy sector. The United States’ Mobile-Sierra Doctrine is laid out in a comprehensible fashion with short factual backgrounds and case analysis for the Doctrine’s development. A similar review is undertaken for European laws and cases affecting investor security. The analysis concludes by highlighting that the regimes protect a different player in the midstream/downstream energy sector. The United States protects the sanctity of the contract and, by extension, the investor. Whilst the European Union’s legal regime tends to protect the consumer, and attempts to provide a free-trade market. The paradox that ensues is that the short-term protection of the consumer may not be in the consumer’s long-term interest.

This paper examines the current controversy over genetically modified organisms and foods and compares the regulatory response in the United States, European Union and United Kingdom. The paper begins with a discussion of the issues central to the debate on genetically modified foods and organisms: the safety of GM food products, potential environmental risks from GMOs, potential benefits of GMOs and resulting products, economic and trade issues, availability of consumer information, and social/ethical issues. The authors argue first, that there is an environmental, social, and economic basis for regulation. Second, while the reaction of regulators in the European Union and the United Kingdom has been to apply the "precautionary principle", reflecting the public's intense distrust of any type of genetic engineering, the current regulatory response in the United States may not adequately protect against potential environmental and health risks, nor does it provide sufficient information to potential consumers of GM foods.

A review covering a synopsis of the history of forest sustainability concepts and how it has led to the social, economic, and legal frameworks, criteria and indicators, and key incentive programs, which promote and influence conservation and sustainable management of forests in the United States of America is presented in two parts. The main findings show that the United States of America is a world leader in sustainable forest management, demonstrated by the fact that since the beginning of the 20th Century, forest area has been relatively stable although the population has increased, and the country remains one of the top timber producers in the world. Sustainable forest management in the United States of America is achieved in the context of private and public ownership, stakeholder collaboration, a federalist system with overarching federal laws that give freedom to state and local jurisdictions to use regulatory and voluntary means to achieve those aims, and a variety of government incentive programs offering technical assistance, financial assistance, and tax relief for landowners who proactively practice responsible forest management. This framework is reinforced through consistent enforcement of laws, monitoring, and reporting of changing conditions, and an array of future modeling to inform management actions.

217. Antimicrobial Activity of Dalbavancin against Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated from Patients Hospitalized with Bacteremia in United States and European Medical Centers: Results from the International Dalbavancin Evaluation of Activity (IDEA) Program (2018-202)

Sustainably managed music festivals have significant value and can provide a multitude of benefits to a healthy, sustainable and desirable society if their negative impacts are mitigated and positive impacts cultivated. To reach this great potential, sustainable event management of music festivals must become widely adopted and expanded as common practice. To drive this improvement of sustainable event management, there is a need to first understand the barriers and success factors event organizers face moving their music festivals toward sustainability. This study uses a research design of mixed quantitative-qualitative methods: a survey of thirty diverse music festival organizers across the United States and interviews with five selected survey participants. Research draws on pertinent literature from sustainability theory and practice, previous research on sustainable event management, existing strategies of sustainable events, and lessons from organizational change studies. Findings revealed seven key barriers and four success factors associated with sustainable event management of music festivals as well as three specific needs of event organizers to improve sustainable event management. With these findings, seven strategies are presented to help event organizers adopt and improve sustainable event management of music festivals. This study is significant because it fills an important gap in the academic literature on events and sustainability. Additionally, this study is immediately applicable to Untied States music festivals. The findings were drawn directly from the perspectives and experiences of event organizers, and the strategies are designed to be specifically applied to their sustainable event management work. SUSTAINABLE EVENT MANAGEMENT ii Acknowledgments Through the course of the past year and through all the moments of stress and frustration that were a part of this process, I looked forward to writing this page. The opportunity to write this acknowledgements page and give thanks is my reward for completing this challenging and fulfilling project. I‟m very grateful for all of those who helped me accomplish this feat. I couldn‟t have done it without them. My mom gave me the pep talks I needed and always managed to convince me that I could do it. My sister sat on the other side of the phone at all hours listening to me rattle on about my metal blocks. My dad‟s unwavering pride in me motivated me to continue pushing forward. My family is my constant, as they have always been. My advisor, Heather, has been amazing. She helped me develop every step of this project. Most importantly, her skillful guidance as a sustainability education practitioner is the reason why my experience in the LSE program has been a whole sustainability journey rather than a conventional two-year master‟s program. My beautiful LSE cohort is loving, supportive, and courageously passionate. I‟m grateful to have taken this transformational journey through LSE with them. The PSU sustainability community is full of energy and gave me opportunities to turn my ideas into reality. PSU really is blossoming into a fruitful living laboratory, and I‟m grateful to have participated in its budding stages. My Grandma and Grampa have believed in me my entire life and given me more love than a person knows what to do with. I wouldn‟t have had the opportunity to write this thesis without their generosity to support me in my graduate education. They have been a constant joy in my life, and have helped to create the person I am today. SUSTAINABLE EVENT MANAGEMENT iii Lastly, thank you to the music. The music always reminded me why I had embarked on this journey. It is an endless source of inspiration and motivation. SUSTAINABLE EVENT MANAGEMENT iv

Some recent analyses have argued that public education in the United States has been isolated from market processes and pressures, that the institutional environment of public education has been dominated by democratic politics and centralized bureaucracies, and that the key to the reform of public education lies in the exposure ofpublic education to market pressures. This article suggests that market forces shape the demand for, and the politics of, American education. It also suggests that, to the extent that market pressures and processes have shaped the institutional environment of American education, market processes and pressures have to bear a substantial amount of the responsibility for the condition of American schools and the problems that afflict them.

The article explores the development of fundamental principles of Private International Law stipulated by the great Dutch specialists in conflict of law (i.e. respect for acquired rights abroad, provided they do not impair the power or rights of other sovereigns or his subjects) and their enshrinement in the United States and European legislation. The importance of the principles specified in the Dutch theory of "comitas gentium" lies in establishing a unified and common to all the countries principles of private international law based on universal sovereignty recognized by all States. It is noted that the selected by the Dutch doctrine criteria of limiting the scope of application of the foreign law, exactly comply with those values which in modern law are a part of the public (constitutionally significant) interests (public interest) that form the basis for public policy (ordre public) in private international law in the countries of the Roman-Germanic law and the foundation of public (Government) policy (Public Policy) in the law of the United States. Based on detailed analysis of the theory and legislation of the XIX-XX centuries the author sets the phases of enshrining the principles stipulated by the Dutch specialists in conflict of laws in the legislation of foreign countries. The article justifies the reasons why the specified in the Dutch theory limits of application of foreign law, became not only further dividing line between applying domestic or foreign laws, but also the main criterion determining the applicable law in private international law. The author concludes that the conflict of laws bases proposed by the Dutch became the grounds for the principle of a closer interrelation and formed the subject of the consequential method of resolving conflicts in the US legislation, while in the legislation of the European countries they became part of the safeguard clauses on public policy (ordre public) both within the meaning of private international law, and within the meaning of the civil law.

Food processing firms vary in size, exhibit productivity differences, engage in monopolistic competition, and produce highly differentiated products. As the TTIP negotiation is gaining momentum and trade in processed food is becoming more important, it is worth analyzing the impact of this potential trade liberalization on the US and EU processed food markets. This study develops a three-region (United Staates, European Union, and ROW) monopolistic competition trade model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the effects of US-EU bilateral tariff elimination and non-tariff barrier harmonization on prices, domestic production, consumption, bi-lateral trade, cutoff productivity levels, and aggregate productivity in the processed food sector. The empirical results show that this trade liberalization expands cross hauling, with US exports to the European Union increasing b 113.58% and EU exports to the United States rising by 96.19%. This increased cross hauling displaces exports from ROW to the United States and European Union by 47.26% and 16.10%, respectively. US and EU processed food production increases by 4.89% and 3.91%, respectively. Consequently, aggregate utility expands in all three regions.

(1985). The United States and European defence co‐operation. Survival: Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 158-168.

Genomic DNAs of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates obtained in Japan sharing different rRNA gene ribotypes were digested with rare-cutter restriction endonucleases and the fragments obtained were separated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The sizes of large restriction cleavage bands with MluI endonuclease were quite similar among isolates in each ribotype group. On the other hand, the PFGE profiles obtained with the other enzymes (NruI, Sal I or SplI) were rather divergent, and Japanese isolates were distinguishable from the United States and European isolates. The Japanese isolates classified as ribotypes group II (Borrelia garinii) and III (B. afzelii) showed different PFGE patterns from that of European isolates. The isolates grouped into ribotype IV revealed distinctively different PFGE profiles. These results indicate that the Japanese isolates may be genetically divergent and distinct from the United States and European isolates.

In many industrialized countries with mature gas pipeline systems, natural gas deregulation continues to change the structure of their gas transmission industries. This study identifies the general characteristics of such structural changes, and compares the experience of deregulation and restructuring in the United States, European Union, Canada, Australia, and Russia. The United States and European Union gas transmission industries are examined in relatively greater detail. The study shows that the unbundling of transmission networks, and the range of consumer choice and price levels, all reflect the state of competition that varies widely among these countries. On one extreme, is the most deregulated, radically restructured and very competitive United States natural gas transmission industry, and on the other end, the Russian Federation with the largest gas reserves in the world has a natural gas transmission industry that continues to operate as a government-controlled monopoly. The Russian gas transmission system efficiency needs to be enhanced and its corporate governance streamlined.

(1996). The OSCE, the United States and European security. European Security: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 426-447.