Achieving Sustainable Zero Flaring through Spiking Gas Compressor at ADCO Field

The Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has introduced the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a scheme for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction through cooperation between Annex 1 Parties (investing countries), which are committed to certain GHG emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol, and non‐Annex 1 Parties (host countries), which do not have any commitments to reduce GHG emissions. The eligibility of forestry projects under the CDM is limited to afforestation/reforestation (A/R) projects. A/R CDM allows Certified Emissions Reduction Units (CERs) to be purchased through carbon sequestration by afforestation or reforestation projects in developing countries. A total of 17 methodologies have been approved by the Executive Board of the UNFCCC. Out of these, 11 approved methodologies are for large‐scale A/R CDM project activities and 6 are for small‐scale A/R CDM project activities. This study identifies some potential land use changes for the development of new and approved methodologies of A/R CDM project activities. These suggested land use changes with high potential are pasture lands, landfills, mountainous areas, and mined lands. The suggested future land uses in A/R CDM project activities are due to their good potential in sequestering carbon, success in the establishment of plantation, and unavailability of the approved methodologies of A/R CDM project activities that are applicable to these suggested land uses. A total of 8 project design documents (PDD) of A/R CDM project activities have been accepted by the Executive Board and registered under the Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC. Some of the problems with A/R CDM project activities include the planting of large scale monoculture plantations, the planting of exotic species, and impact on the hydrology of the project areas. Future directions of A/R CDM project activities are here suggested, which are implementing mixed species in a plantation, using native species during reforestation activities, and counting the soil organic carbon pools among the carbon pools measured for carbon sequestration.

Landfilling disposal method has led to the more concern environmental issue around the world, which are greenhouse gas emissions. According to IPCC (2006), the waste sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which accounts for about 5% of the global greenhouse budget. This 5% is methane (CH4) emissions from the anaerobic decomposition of solid waste and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the decomposition of wastewater. Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gas (GHG) due to it has about 21–23 times global warming potential than CO2. The CH4 and N2O emissions released in leachate treatment systems are the second-largest sources of greenhouse gases. The study is aimed to estimate methane emissions in leachate treatment plant in Landfill Rimba Mas Perlis, Malaysia, and its carbon credit revenue. The CH4 emission from the leachate treatment plant was estimated by using the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) methodology AM0013 and its economic benefit was determined based on the Clean Development Mechanism. From the study, the greenhouse gas emission in a leachate treatment plant has contributes to a reduction in carbon emissions by 233.21 tonnes/yr which could attract the carbon credit of RM 8,162.35 based on RM35/tonnes of CO2. The results indicate the anthropogenic emission in the leachate treatment plant can bring direct economic benefits to the local.

Better information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potential in the agricultural sector is necessary to manage these emissions and identify responses that are consistent with the food security and economic development priorities of countries. Critical activity data (what crops or livestock are managed in what way) are poor or lacking for many agricultural systems, especially in developing countries. In addition, the currently available methods for quantifying emissions and mitigation are often too expensive or complex or not sufficiently user friendly for widespread use.The purpose of this focus issue is to capture the state of the art in quantifying greenhouse gases from agricultural systems, with the goal of better understanding our current capabilities and near-term potential for improvement, with particular attention to quantification issues relevant to smallholders in developing countries. This work is timely in light of international discussions and negotiations around how agriculture should be included in efforts to reduce and adapt to climate change impacts, and considering that significant climate financing to developing countries in post-2012 agreements may be linked to their increased ability to identify and report GHG emissions (Murphy et al 2010, CCAFS 2011, FAO 2011).

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from unsustainable land-use practices around the world contribute significantly to anthropogenic climate change. Growing population pressure and low efficiency of agricultural production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) trigger the expansion of agricultural land into natural ecosystems, which leads to deforestation and land degradation, and causes GHG emissions. At the same time, prolonged droughts and increasingly erratic weather patterns due to climate change jeopardise food security in SSA countries such as Kenya.

In June 2015, carbon credits amounting to 446 t of CO 2 were issued for a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project developed and implemented in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the introduction of biogas digesters (BDs) to farm households. Subsequently, the project was evaluated in terms of GHG emission reductions (i.e., carbon credits issued), receptiveness of farm households to the technology, and economic benefits to these families. Findings confirmed that BDs provide concrete reductions in GHG emissions and are beneficial to install in such scenarios. Currently, a new international framework for post-2020 global warming mitigation is being considered by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in which all signatory countries would participate, including the developing countries that have not yet been mandated to make reductions. These evaluation results present a potential policy direction for developing countries to reduce their GHG emissions.

The growing concern about climate change led governments around the world to agree on forming the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) during the 1992 Rio summit. This Convention entered into force in March 1994 and by May 1997, the UNFCCC had over 130 signatory countries. The UNFCCC works for the “stabilization of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. The Convention requires the cooperation of national administrations in providing a framework of regulations and policies to implement its various provisions. The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC was adopted in December 1997, according to which the developed country parties agree to reduce their Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions by a global average of 5.2 per cent below the 1990 levels by the period 2008–2012. The Protocol came into effect in February 16, 2005 without its ratification by USA and Australia. India is not required to adopt any GHG reduction targets though she has to follow the general commitments under the UNFCCC. It is well known that the USA considers the Kyoto Protocol to be a “totally flawed” and “unsound international treaty”. The Kyoto Protocol created flexible cooperative mechanisms, such as GHG Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), allowing member countries to meet their commitments with respect to reduction in emissions. Through CDM, developing countries that did not accept binding emissions reductions at Kyoto can be involved in GHG mitigation.

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America : Ultrasonic relaxation in aqueous acetic acid solution Jackopin, L.G., Yeager, E., 52 (September 1972) 831

Thailand's long-term GHG emission reduction in 2050: the achievement of renewable energy and energy efficiency beyond the NDC

The article presents an assessment of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the «Waste» sector in the Republic of Belarus in the context of global climate change and its impact on the environment. The relevance of this study is determined by the growing problems associated with waste management, as well as the necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve climate goals established by international agreements. From 1989 to 2019, the average annual temperature in the country increased by 1.3°C. Predictions from Belarusian scientists forecast a further temperature rise of 1–5°C by the end of the century. Belarus, as a party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement, has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 28% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The “Waste” sector is a significant source of greenhouse gases, related to the processes of disposal, recycling,and landfilling of large volumes of waste generated by human activities. It has been established that the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in this sector are solid municipal waste landfills and wastewater treatment facilities. This sector accounts for 32.76% of the total national methane (CH4) emissions and 4.17% of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The total volume of greenhouse gas emissions in the «Waste» sector in 2020 amounted to 5,829.72 Gg in CO2-equivalent, which constitutes 6.56% of the total emissions in the country. The results obtained highlight the importance of developing effective waste management strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize their impact on the climate system.

Since the Kyoto Protocol came into effect on Feb 16, 2005, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has experienced significant global growth. This mechanism enables developing countries to actively engage in combating climate change by implementing projects aimed at reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GGEs). In 2010, Libya established the Commission of the Designated National Authority (DNA) to oversee the implementation of the CDM. This move was made as part of Libya's efforts to develop a range of projects that qualify for CDM and contribute to reducing GGEs. The main motivation for conducting this study was the absence of Libya's involvement in global-level CDM projects, as evidenced by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) annual reports. Additionally, the failure to recognize the significance of CDM in influencing decisions regarding investments in wind energy. This work aims to investigate the use of CDM in Dernah wind farm (I) project (Libya). The study used a suitable CDM methodology, AM0019 with the appropriate tool (03-V3), calculated as CO2 reductions and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). The results of CDM analysis are as follows: CO2 reductions = 362,201.82 tCO2e/year and CERs for the first ten years of the age of the proposed wind farm (Dernah Wind Farm (ɪ)) (CERs10y) = 1,687,898,590 LD (320,838,371.8 €) for the first ten years, likewise CERs20y= 3,375,797,180 LD (641,676,743.5 €) during the entire life (20 years) of the proposed wind farm. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the project will be highly cost-effective, this will lead to lower electricity prices for consumers and higher profits for the project owners. Therefore, registering wind energy projects as CDM projects and earning CERs is the most practical way to promote wind energy. The findings of this study could be valuable for policy makers and project developers who are interested in CDM wind projects.

Climate change has emerged as a defining challenge of our times. It is truly global in dimension and is not amenable to national or regional solutions. Unless a global and coordinated response emerges at the Copenhagen meeting of the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2009, we may soon be confronting an escalating crisis. Its success or failure will also determine the prospects for effective global governance because, in a globalized world, there already are and will be many more, cross-cutting issues that will require similar global action. What will be the architecture required to mobilize, sustain, and make effective a coordinated and collaborative response to climate change? Fortunately, in this case, we do not start from scratch. We have the legal basis, approved by international consensus for such an architecture, in the UNFCCC, which emerged from the historic Rio conference of 1992. The UNFCCC has identified the nature of the challenge we face as humanity, its various dimensions such as mitigation and adaptation, and the balance of responsibilities and obligations of parties to the convention. The fundamental principle underlying global action on climate change is common, but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. It is based on the acknowledgment of historical responsibility; that is, climate change is taking place as a result of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that have been accumulating in the earth's atmosphere as a result of over two centuries of fossil fuel-based industrial activity in developed countries. This implies that the lead with respect to climate change action must be taken by developed countries. In addition, the principle recognizes common responsibilities, namely, that developing countries also have an obligation, and that is to pursue a path of ecologically sustainable development consistent with their goals of economic and social development and poverty eradication. And finally, there is the concept of respective capabilities; that is, a recognition of the diverse levels of economic development and incomes among the parties, and, hence, a differentiated contribution to the global effort. The above elements can be summed up in one word: equity. The architecture that we build to tackle climate change must be equitable. Climate change manifests itself in two distinct, though interrelated phenomena: (1) adaptation and (2) mitigation. We need different tools to deal with them. Adaptation is recognition of the fact that countries already have to cope with the consequences of climate change. Extreme climatic events are causing immense disruptions. Agriculture is being impacted in several parts of the world as a result of shorter, but warmer, growing seasons. Sea-level rise in some areas is causing coastal erosion as well as increased salinity in coastal plains. There is evidence of the melting of glaciers in several parts of the world, with severe consequences for water security. In India alone, it is estimated that as much as 2 percent to 2.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) is currently being spent on adaptation programs. This figure is bound to rise because climate change will continue to take place even if, by some miracle, GHG emissions could be reduced to zero tomorrow. The impact is much more severe in the world's tropical zones--the Least Developed Countries and the Small Island Developing States. Therefore, what we need is a mechanism through which we can build up the coping capacities of developing countries, particularly those that are most vulnerable. This will require both financial resources and technology transfer. An Adaptation Fund has already been created under the UNFCCC. It is currently receiving funds from a percentage (2 percent) of the proceeds of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). However, this is barely enough to finance a small number of adaptation projects in developing countries. …

A review of global gas flaring and venting and impact on the environment: Case study of Iran

Sustainable development outcomes of coal mine methane clean development mechanism Projects in China

Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for 14% of annual greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostlyin developing countries (Vermeulen et al 2012). Agricultural intensification andexpansion in these regions is expected to catalyze the most significant relativeincreases in agricultural GHG emissions over the next decade (Smith et al 2008,Tilman et al 2011). Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa andAsia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdingssmaller than ten hectares (FAO 2012). One can therefore posit that smallholderfarming significantly impacts the GHG balance of these regions today and willcontinue to do so in the near future.However, our understanding of the effect smallholder farming has on theEarth’s climate system is remarkably limited. Data quantifying existing andreduced GHG emissions and removals of smallholder production systems areavailable for only a handful of crops, livestock, and agroecosystems (Herrero et al2008, Verchot et al 2008, Palm et al 2010). For example, fewer than fifteenstudies of nitrous oxide emissions from soils have taken place in sub-SaharanAfrica, leaving the rate of emissions virtually undocumented. Due to a scarcity ofdata on GHG sources and sinks, most developing countries currently quantifyagricultural emissions and reductions using IPCC Tier 1 emissions factors.However, current Tier 1 emissions factors are either calibrated to data primarilyderived from developed countries, where agricultural production conditions aredissimilar to that in which the majority of smallholders operate, or from data thatare sparse or of mixed quality in developing countries (IPCC 2006). For the mostpart, there are insufficient emissions data characterizing smallholder agricultureto evaluate the level of accuracy or inaccuracy of current emissions estimates.Consequentially, there is no reliable information on the agricultural GHG budgetsfor developing economies. This dearth of information constrains the capacity totransition to low-carbon agricultural development, opportunities for smallholdersto capitalize on carbon markets, and the negotiating position of developingcountries in global climate policy discourse.Concerns over the poor state of information, in terms of data availability andrepresentation, have fueled appeals for new approaches to quantifying GHGemissions and removals from smallholder agriculture, for both existing conditionsand mitigation interventions (Berry and Ryan 2013, Olander et al 2013).Considering the dependence of quantification approaches on data and the currentdata deficit for smallholder systems, it is clear that in situ measurements must bea core part of initial and future strategies to improve GHG inventories and

As if Kyoto mattered: The clean development mechanism and transportation