ACHIEVING SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY BY UNLOCKING ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER: A CASE STUDY OF DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES IN INDIAN SOCIAL ENTERPRISES DURING COVID-19

Social Entrepreneurship and COVID‐19

The purpose of this paper is to present the significant dynamic capabilities (DCs) that facilitate the development of social enterprises (SEs). The paper synthesises the findings of identified seven qualitative studies to provide a conceptual framework for the interaction of various factors and DCs that lead to the achievement of dual-mission goals of SEs. The study recognises the capabilities of SEs that contribute towards the enhancement of their capacities to sense opportunities, seise opportunities, and reconfigure their resource base. In this paper, the authors have employed a meta-synthesis approach that involves the eight-step meta-synthesis method proposed by Hoon. The findings of this study emphasise various DCs of SEs that enable them to achieve continuous social improvement and socio-economic success. It also brings forth the critical factors that enable the development of DCs in SEs. The study will benefit the social entrepreneurs as well as academicians to acknowledge the significance of DCs in SEs, which will assist them in managing resources in their pursuit of dual-mission goals. This study contributes to the debate in the social entrepreneurship (SE) literature regarding developing the theory of DCs in SEs. Furthermore, the factors identified in this study as enablers for developing DCs in SEs have not been discussed in prior research.

Social enterprises have an increasingly important role lately. While connecting with different partners, social enterprises can drive growth and wealth creation beyond their organization. This value creation may derive from tangible offerings of social enterprises, their goods, and services; but also in intangible relational values. One of these intangible value creation elements is social capital with all its dimensions. Through the social capital which broadly refers to the resources accumulated through the relationships among people and organizations, social enterprises can also contribute and build partner competitive advantage. Institutional and social capital theories can help to understand how social enterprises can contribute and transform sustainable supply chains. This article introduces a framework that seeks to understand social enterprise and entrepreneurship capabilities in transforming institutions to strengthen supply chain sustainability and briefly gives some preliminary findings related to social capital and supply chains. This article relies on case analysis and seeks to understand social enterprise and entrepreneurship capabilities in transforming institutions to strengthen supply chain sustainability in order to promote sustainable fire prevention service and overcome new fire risks.

This introductory article to the special issue, Social Innovation, Social Enterprise, and Social Entrepreneurship (SE/SI) in Social Work and Human Services, positions SE/SI as embedded in the profession’s history as an integral sub-field of practice and research. It advances three arguments: SE/SI has been part of social work practice since the inception of the profession; social work entrepreneurship is globally distributed and contextually responsive; and deliberate engagement with SE/SI is necessary for the field’s future relevance. This article outlines foundational concepts, traces historical developments from settlement houses and early work-integration initiatives to contemporary hybrid models, and situates this legacy within current global challenges. It also introduces the contributions in this issue, grouped into three thematic areas that reflect these arguments. The introduction underscores SE/SI as vital to social work and human services’ capacity to address complex crises in turbulent times while advancing equity, sustainability, and well-being.

In Europe 160 million people are members of social economy enterprises and mutual societies. Members that work at social enterprises usually are bound with an employee relationship with their organization; on the other hand participating in a social enterprise could be their only chance to find a job, especially for economies that face a long-term recession such as the Greek economy. Social enterprises and entrepreneurs invest in reciprocity which represents that positive actions will inspire reciprocal positive actions. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of reciprocity on members’ decision either to invest in social enterprises or to work for them acquiring in both cases the necessary shares. For this reason, a survey was conducted among Greek members of social enterprises listed in the Greek Social enterprises directory, to investigate their aspects about reciprocity and if these aspects affect their decision to work in a social enterprise or support financially them. The survey process returned 142 fully completed questionnaires. The analysis identified a sub group (5 over 27 items) of the questions used to measure reciprocity that can be used to classify participants into shareholders - members (investors) and shareholders - workers in social enterprises. It is worth mentioning that sex or other demographic characteristics of the respondents do not affect this classification while there are only aspects of positive reciprocity that have either positive or negative effect on the possibility to work in social enterprises. Social entrepreneurs and the Greek state could use these findings in order to direct and manage their expansion efforts.

This book shows how social entrepreneurship and social enterprises can integrate social and economic development. These dual-mission ventures that strive to achieve both financial sustainability and social good are especially path-breaking approaches in reducing economic, education, health, technology, and other disparities among marginalized individuals, families, and communities. While this global movement varies in pace and scope, this work features snapshots from eight countries or regions. This volume focuses especially on emerging economies and those in transition, featuring African countries of Kenya and Tanzania, Albania, Argentina, Central Asian countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Cuba, India, the Russian Federation, and Taiwan. We examine a variety of ventures and their social policy context as they attempt to meet human needs while simultaneously also attaining financial sustainability. We also suggest social policies that promote supports for social entrepreneurs since environmental, economic, and social sustainability are core goals. But we also raise cautions about fostering social enterprises as panaceas for addressing human needs when government investments are required in social welfare, social protections, and ecosystem supports. Contextual frames are provided that range from social enterprise business plans and measuring entrepreneurial orientation to avoiding displacement dynamics and pitfalls of non-market economies. These are consistent with the global agenda of building jobs from the ground up as articulated in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Recommendations are derived from illustrative cases from the nations and regions featured for more strategic supports and investments in social entrepreneurs and social enterprises.

The emergence of entrepreneurship as an activity which addresses enduring social or environmental challenges has been a source of innovation, promise and insight for practitioners and scholars alike. While researchers have contributed to understandings of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise in many contexts, it is a curious anomaly of social entrepreneurship scholarship that so little consideration has been given to its application within international humanitarian non-government organizations (INGOs) and aid agencies. The lack of research is notable because these development organizations have tremendous potential to realize the benefits of social entrepreneurship due to their capability and capacity that has been developed through the provision of community and economic development programs in the world’s most vulnerable communities. We therefore lack relevant theory to explain and guide action in this sector. As INGOs pursue or facilitate social entrepreneurship to increase their impact and/or make their activities more financially sustainable, they are forced to contend with the competing logics (social and commercial) of this activity itself, but also with the ways in which this conflicts with their own dominant development (social) logic. These logics are based on the institutional parameters of the category in which the organization operates, i.e., private, public or non-profit sector (Doherty et al., 2014). Billis (2010) provides us with the following organizational templates to explicate category logics (Table 20.1). This is a useful framework for illustrating not only how social entrepreneurs and social enterprises combine competing logics but how this can be problematic in terms of governance and resourcing (cf. Doherty et al., 2014; Newth and Woods, 2014). International development agencies are being forced to respond to many geopolitical, economic and technological environment changes. The threats and opportunities these changes create will likely necessitate a degree of hybridization. Hybrid organizations are those that combine institutional logics (Battilana and Dorado, 2010; Doherty et al., 2014; Pache and Santos, 2013). Examples of such organizations include social enterprises which combine commercial and social logics (Doherty et al., 2014); microfinance organizations which combinedevelopment and banking logics (Battilana et al., 2015), public-private partnerships which combine state, market and civil society logics (Jay, 2013), and research centers and education institutions which combine scientific or academic with market logics (cf. Pache and Santos, 2013). These organizations also bridge, or blur, institutional fields (Tracey et al., 2011). Institutional logics are understood to be the “taken for granted social prescriptions that represent shared understandings of what constitutes legitimate goals and how they may be pursued” (Battilana and Dorado, 2010, 1420). Hybrid organization research in social entrepreneurship is particularly concerned with organizations that combine logics that would otherwise be considered incompatible. This chapter uses Shepherd and Patzelt (2011) as an organizing framework to illustrate the opportunities that social entrepreneurship offers INGOs, all of which are relevant to the organization under examination here. The points within an INGO that are challenged by the pursuit of social entrepreneurship are then identified and discussed in terms of how changes at these points force, or require, hybridity. This discussion seeks to contribute to the literature around hybridization in social entrepreneurship and enterprise by drawing out the specific aspects of a particular non-profit that are challenged by the hybrid logic of social entrepreneurship strategies and initiatives. Drawing on Newth and Woods’ (2014) development of Schumpeter’s (1934) notion of resistance as it applies to social entrepreneurship and institutional theory, the micro-level institutional bases for tension and resistance to social entrepreneurship are considered via an in-depth case study. This chapter’s empirical application of Shepherd and Patzelt’s (2011) framework and its combination with institutional theory, specifically institutional logics, contributes to social and sustainable entrepreneurship theory. It also provides specific insight into the application of this theory in the international development sector. This represents an initial step in addressing the lack of research into social entrepreneurship in this sector in general, and towards building theory which explains and informs the contextual bases thatTable 20.1 Organizational templatesInstitutional guideGovernorship Owners Business model/ revenuePrivate Market forces Share of ownershipShareholders SalesPublic Public benefit and collective choiceElected representativesCitizens and stateTaxationNon-profit Social and environmental goalsElected representatives or appointed trusteesMembers Donations, membership fees and legaciesenable and constrain entrepreneurial action in established development organizations.

Social media presence becomes phenomenal at the beginning of the 21st century and currently, social media is the forefront agenda for many enterprises. The influence of social media is also dominant in social entrepreneurship with the ever-increasing influence of the social media. The emergence of social media has changed the way social entrepreneurs undertake their entrepreneurial activities by helping social enterprises to gain access to resources that were otherwise not available to them. Currently, social entrepreneurs are increasingly relying on social media applications such as Facebook, YouTube, Blogs, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. to reach diverse audiences, generate more opportunities and promote their entrepreneurial ventures. As a result, it is becoming essential for social entrepreneurs to understand the vital role of social media and how they affect their social enterprises. Despite the fact that social media are being adopted by a growing number of social entrepreneurs, their understandability of how implementing social media may impact their entrepreneurial ventures is still limited because of the diverse possibilities of implementing them into their social enterprises. As a result, still limited scholarly studies have been undertaken so far which explain how social media could benefit entrepreneurial firms. To our knowledge, research which examines the role of social media in social entrepreneurship is scarce if not unavailable. This research provides a detailed literary investigation on current literature on social media and social entrepreneurship. A conceptual framework which depicts the role of social media in social entrepreneurship is developed. Furthermore, an extensive research on the different technology adoption theories and frameworks was conducted in order to identify key factors of social media for social entrepreneurial adoption. A social media adoption model has been proposed that depicts the adoption steps and which also integrates the identified factors as the key for the adoption process. This research provides valuable insights on the role of social media in social entrepreneurship and the social media adoption process in social enterprises. The findings of this research can be used by social entrepreneurs to facilitate social media adoption process in their entrepreneurial ventures and also can be used by academics for further research. The analysis shows that intention to return home induces remittances in terms of amount per year and proportion to income. Having further considered the determinants to return home of workers, income and employment satisfaction seem not to significantly affect their decisions as hypothesized. On the other hand, they are preferably satisfied in legal issues particularly visa regulations and labor protection and they became important negative factors of intention to return. Furthermore, international agreement and some legal instruments such as Agreement between Thailand and Australia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, Fair Work Act 2009 and Labor Protection Act B.E. 2541, are also used to deepen the understanding of the economic outcome.

Social entrepreneurship as a prosocial phenomenon focuses on the upliftment of the vulnerable and marginalised through entrepreneurship. Social enterprises are mission-oriented often suffering from mission-related challenges that accompany duality in its form. This in turn raises concern over sustainability for social enterprises as they begin to focus more on the economic objectives rather than the social value they originally intended to create. The objective of the study is not only to carry out a systematic literature review of the mission of a social enterprise but to also come out with drivers of mission engagement that contribute to social enterprise sustainability. Drawing upon past literature covering vast databases like Scopus and Proquest, and our understanding from reputed ABDC listed journal articles, we propose a conceptual framework of mission engagement for social enterprise sustainability that offers a fresh perspective on mission duality. We make a three-fold contribution to social entrepreneurship literature with a categorisation of literature for better conceptual clarity on mission-related concepts in social entrepreneurship, four constituents of mission engagement in social enterprises and three drivers to creating a sustainable social enterprise through mission engagement. We propose the notion of ‘sustainable social enterprises’, which derives maximum benefit from cross-sectoral collaboration, active engagement in building strong social networks and building on social capital to bring about transformative societal change.

Social entrepreneurship is one of the fastest growing areas of entrepreneurship. Since the beginning of 21st century, the popularity of social entrepreneurship steadily, but gradually increases. Currently, social enterprises are operating similarly to traditional ones and thus can be seen separate from charity organizations. This concept is well practiced in emerging economies. The concept of a social enterprise and entrepreneurship can be approached in many different ways. The European Union has an operational definition of a social enterprise. In addition, in various European countries, there are some additional laws and regulations defining social entrepreneurship or a social enterprise. In Latvia, both the definition of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises are included in the Law on Social Entrepreneurship. In Sweden or Estonia, there are no common definition or legal framework for social enterprises. In Finland, the situation is the same, but there is a law concerning work integration enterprises. The EU´s operational definition for social enterprises is common for all European countries. The Baltic States and the Scandinavian countries have different perceptions of social entrepreneurship among the population and entrepreneurs. The paper analyses social enterprises in four European countries: Latvia, Estonia, Sweden and Finland by using national and EU-level knowledge sources. In the next phase, two case studies of social enterprises from each country are analysed according to the EU´s operational definition. As a result, the authors identified the similarities and differences of social enterprises in terms of their social mission, business models and governance models and suggested directions for future research.

This study adopts an attention-based view (ABV) to examine how a congruent and an incongruent managerial attention focus between social and commercial goals influences the development of dynamic capabilities (DCs) in social enterprises (SEs). We examine the effects of managerial attention structures on DCs by using a polynomial regression and response surface methodology on survey data from 169 SEs in Taiwan. The results highlight that DCs are higher when attention in SEs is congruently focused on both social and commercial goals. Additionally, SEs with lower levels of attention focus congruence show a higher degree of DCs. Finally, attention focus incongruence between the dual goals fosters DCs, especially when the attention focus on social goals is higher than on commercial goals. Hence, the research framework connecting ABV to DCs in SEs enriches the existing literature, offering insight into reinforcement by SEs of DCs amidst dual-goal tensions.

Social enterprises, social entrepreneurship and sustainable business models are increasingly common in sectors where Fair Trade does not have a strong presence (e.g. mobile phones and software). This research asks: To what extent do social and sustainability enterprises and entrepreneurship (SSEEs) in these ‘distant’ sectors engage the principles of Fair Trade? It draws on an in-depth, multi-method case study of SSEEs in the legal cannabis sector in Portland, Oregon, US. It analyzes data from magazine advertisements, public and industry events, and visits to 85 cannabis retailers. The results suggest that SSEEs in distant sectors may not be engaging some of the principles that are at the heart of Fair Trade. These include transparency, accountability, collaborative price-setting, pre-payment, honouring contracts, inclusive governance and worker organizing. SSEEs appear more engaged with the environment and buy-cotting (privileging) small producers, sustainable businesses and marginalized groups. How can Fair Trade encourage and empower SSEEs in distant sectors to engage more principles of Fair Trade?

Social sustainability within social entrepreneurship

Framing the Inquiry into Emerging Research Directions in Social Entrepreneurship Charles Wankel and Larry Pate.- Part I Essential Qualities of Social Entrepreneurs.- Humility in Social Entrepreneurship: A Virtuous Circle Catalin Ratiu, Troy R. Nielson, and Bennett Cherry Voices in the Fog: Accounts of Social Entrepreneurship Identity in the UK Third Sector Chris Mason.- Part II The Wider Impact of Social Entrepreneurship.- Opportunities for Social Value Creation across Supply Chain Interactions Jennifer L. Woolley.- Social Enterprises and the Financing of different Scaling Strategies Wolfgang Spiess-Knafl and Stephan A. Jansen Creating Public Value: An Examination of Technological Social Enterprise Thema Monroe-White.- A Replicable Evaluation Method of Social Entrepreneurship Centers and Programs Noushi Rahman and Rebecca Tekula.- Part III Social Entrepreneurship and Global Change.- Innovation Ecosystems in Brazil: Promoting Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Ana Cristina O. Siqueira, Mario P. Monzoni, Sandra R. H. Mariano, Joysi Moraes, Paulo D. Branco, and Ana M. Coelho.- Social Entrepreneurship in the Arab World: Lessons from Lebanon Dima Jamali and Liya Kreidie.- Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizational Legitimacy of a Social Enterprise in a Developing Economy.- Sougata Ray and Anjan Ghosh.- Developing Businesses and Fighting Poverty: Critical Reflections on the Theories and Practices of CSR, CSV, and Inclusive Business Mara Del Baldo.- Index.

The purpose of our study is to identify how dynamic capabilities facilitate the resilience of social enterprises facing environmental turbulence, namely pandemic and prolonged lockdowns in a developing country. We employ an inductive study of 18 social enterprises in India and propose that confluence of the social entrepreneur (the person), social entrepreneurship (the process), and dynamic capabilities – regenerative and renewing – drive resilience. We delve deeper and find that resilience can be categorized as thriving or reviving, based on the expected growth trajectory by these enterprises in near future, namely up to the next financial year. We link the regenerative capabilities to thriving resilience while renewing capabilities to reviving resilience. We further raise a pointer towards a probable explanation for such divergence. Finally, we draw some practical implications that dynamic capabilities play in creating resilient social enterprises.